Endnotes

[1] "V Sankt-Peterburge zaderzhano pyat chelovek, podozrevaemykh v prichasnosti k ubistvu senegalskogo studenta," SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, May 22, 2006, available at: http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A2A1E/759529A; "V Sankt-Peterburge v odnom proizvodsvte soedineny 13 ugolovnykh del o napadeniyakh na grazhdan po natsionalno-extremistskym motivam," General Prosecutor of the Russian Federation, June 2, 2006, available at:

http://genproc.gov.ru/ru/news/news_current.shtml?2006/06/4001.html.

[2] "St. Petersburg Governor Says Neo-Nazis ‘Not Dangerous,'" UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, May 26, 2006, citing Itar-Tass, May 24, 2006.

[3] Although exact figures on the number of skinheads in St. Petersburg may be impossible to determine, estimates from various nongovernmental experts have ranged from several thousand up to 10,000 – serious figures even at the low end of the range. See Alexander Tarasov, "Nazi-skiny v sovremennoi Rossii," February 11, 2004, Skepsis Scientific and Informational Journal, available at: http://www.scepsis.ru/library/id_605.html; "Russian Skinheads Most Numerous in World," Mosnews.com, April 18, 2005, available at: http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/04/18/russianskinheads.shtml.

[4] Ibid., citing Baltic Information Agency, May 24, 2006; Svetlana Borisova, Nadezhda Zaitsova, "V Peterburge likvidirovali bandu ekstremistov," Fontanka.ru, May 25, 2006, available at: http://www.fontanka.ru/165385.

[5] Semen Charny, "Rasizm, ksenofobia, antisemitizm, etnicheskaya discriminatsia v Rossisskoi Federetsii v 2005," Moscow Bureau for Human Rights, available at http://www.antirasizm.ru/publ_060.doc; Alexander Tarasov, "Nazi-skiny v sovremennoi Rossii," February 11, 2004, Skepsis Scientific and Informational Journal, available at: http://www.scepsis.ru/library/id_605.html.

[6] Galina Kozhevnikova, "Radical Nationalism in Russia and Efforts to Oppose it in 2005," SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, February 25, 2006, available at http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB4208/6E811ED. Figures available in the report for 2005 were updated and figures for 2006 were made available on May 15, 2006, available at: http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A2A1E/75003F7.

[7] "Doklad o deyatelnosti upolnomochenogo po pravam cheloveka v Rossisskoi Federatsii v 2005," Office of the Ombudsman of the Russian Federation, available at http://www.ombudsmanrf.ru/doc/ezdoc/05.shtml.

[8] Carl Schreck and Galina Stolyarova, "Student Killed in City Center Attack," St. Petersburg Times, November 15, 2005, available at http://www.sptimes.ru/story/16097.

[9] "Prokurora Sankt-Petersburga raskryla ubistvo studenta-antifashista," Agenstvo Natsionalnikh Novostei, December 15, 2005, available at: http://www.annews.ru/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=24327.

[10] "Ubistvo studenta iz Kameruna v Petere: udar nozhom nanes podrostok," Polit.ru, December 24, 2005, available at: http://polit.ru/news/2005/12/24/caneroon.popup.html.

[11] Irina Petrakova, "Bely gorod na Neve," Gazeta.ru, December 26, 2005, available at: http://www.gazeta.ru/2005/12/26/oa_183028.shtml.

[12] "Petersky skinhead proshel ‘boevoe kreshchenie' izbiv kitaitsa," Agenstvo Natsionalnykh Novostei, January 7, 2006, available at: http://www.annews.ru/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=26257.

[13] "Napadenie na Kameruntsa i Indeitsa kvalifitsirovani kak ‘khuliganstvo' i ‘poboi'," Fontanku.ru, January 26, 2006, available at: http://www.fontanka.ru/157141.

[14] "Napadenie na Kameruntsa i Indeitsa kvalifitsirovani kak ‘khuliganstvo' i ‘poboi'," Fontanku.ru, January 26, 2006, available at: http://www.fontanka.ru/157141.

[15] "Novoe napadenie na inostrannogo studenta soversheno v Peterburge," Ekho Moskvy, January 31, 2006, available at: http://echo.msk.ru/news/292071.html.

[16] Maria, Seleznova, "'Bytovukha' na natsionalnoi pochve," Noviye Izvestiya, February 20, 2006, available at: http://www.newizv.ru/news/2006-02-21/40950.

[17] "Zaderzhan podezrevaemy v napadenie na grazhdanina Kot d'Ivuara," Fontanka.ru, March 2, 2006, available at: http://www.fontanka.ru/159427.

[18] "Murder of Kyrgyz Likely Hate Crime, Prosecutors Say," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 6, Number 9, March 3, 2006, citing St. Petersburg Times.

[19] Svetlana Borisova, Pavel Goroshkov, "V Peterburge nelzya govorit na rodnom yazyke?" Fontanka.ru, February 26, 2006, available at: http://www.fontanka.ru/159079.

[20] "Na grazhdanina Gany napali ‘radi shutki'," Fontanka.ru, March 29, 2006, available at: http://www.fontanka.ru/161100.

[21] "V Peterburge 9-letnaya devochka poluchila tri udara nozhom," Newsru.com, March 26, 2006, available at http://newsru.com/crime/26mar2006/naz.html.

[22] "Two Teenage Skinheads Stab African-Russian Girl," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 6, Number 13, March 31, 2006, citing the St. Petersburg Times. 

[23] "Neo-Nazis Assail Anti-fascists," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 6, Number 13, March 31, 2006, citing the Rosbalt news agency, March 25, 2006. 

[24] "Na Grazhdanskom prospekte izbili studentku iz Kitaya, "Fontanka.ru, April 4, 2006, available at: http://www.fontanka.ru/161542.

[25] "V tsentre Peterburga zastrelili studenta iz Senegala," Fontanka.ru, April 7, 2006, available at http://www.fontanka.ru/161856.

[26] Yelena Gusarenko, Svetlana Tikhomirova, "Ubit pri zaderzhanii – 2," Fontanka.ru, May 19, 2006, available at: http://www.fontanka.ru/165051.

[27] "V Sankt-Peterburge zaderzhano pyat chelovek, podozrevaemykh v prichasnosti k ubistvu senegalskogo studenta," SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, May 22, 2006, available at: http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A2A1E/759529A.

[28] "V Sankt Peterburge po faktu napadeniya na grazhdan Mongolii vozbuyzhdeno ugolovnoe delo," Regnum.ru, April 17, 2006, available at: http://www.regnum.ru/news/624657.html.

[29] "Prokuratura vozbudila delo po faktu napadeniya na studenta iz Indii," Rosbalt.ru, April 20, 2006, available at: http://www.rosbalt.ru/2006/04/20/251183.html.

[30] "Peterburgskogo prokuratura: ekstremistkogo motiva v napadenii na turka net," Regnum.ru, April 24, 2006, available at: http://www.regnum.ru/news/629135.html.

[31] "V Sankt Peterburge izbit student iz Vietnama," SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, May 4, 2006, available at http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A29F2/7503B1D.

[32] "V Peterburga izbit grazhdanina Ekuadora," Rosbalt.ru, May 22, 2006, available at: http://www.rosbalt.ru/2006/05/22/254155.html.

[33] "Nachalis predvaritelniye slushaniya po delu ob ubistve Vietnamskogo studenta," SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, February 1, 2006, available at: http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A2A1E/6C8671E.

[34] "Obvinyaemiye v ubistve Kongolztsa predstali pered sudom prisyazhnikh," Regum.ru, May 24, 2006, available at: http://www.regnum.ru/news/645425.html.

[35] "Skinhead Leader Gets Six Years in Jail," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 49, December 16, 2005.

[36] "Light Sentences for Five Skinheads," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 49, December 16, 2005.

[37] "Ubiits tadjikskoi devochkoi prigovorili," Rossisskaya Gazeta, March 30, 2006, available at: http://www.rg.ru/2006/03/30/prigovor-detali.html.

[38] "Officials Deny Racist Violence a Problem," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 6, Number 16, April 28, 2006, citing the Russian newspaper Argumenty i Fakty, April 11, 2006. 

[39] "Peterburgskiye chinovniki i siloviki: eto ne fashizm, a provokatsia protiv goroda," SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, April 21, 2006, available at: http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A2A1E/730B7CB.

[40] "Mikhail Vanichkin: Vsyu Rossiyu my ne spasnem, no v Peterburge etim pora zanimatsya," Zaks.ru, April 25, 2006, available at: http://www.zaks.ru/a0/ru/archive/view.thtml?i=20821&p=0.

[41] "Peterburgskiye chinovniki i siloviki: eto ne fashizm, a provokatsia protiv goroda," SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, April 21, 2006, available at: http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A2A1E/730B7CB.

[42] Alexander Gorshkov, Svetlana Borisova, "Prokuratura nashla v Peterburge ekstremism," Fontanka.ru, January 26, 2006, available at: http://www.fontanka.ru/157157.

[43] "Otkrytoe obrashchenie k gubernatoru Sankt-Peterburga V.I. Matvienko," SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, April 17, 2006 available at http://xeno.sova-center.ru/29481C8/72B0DFD.