[1] The dead included a student from Senegal, shot dead in St. Petersburg on April; a 19-year-old girl of Asian appearance, beaten to death in Moscow and a Tajik man thrown from a train outside Moscow on April 8; one Roma and one ethnic Russian beaten to death in Volgograd on April 13; a 19-year-old activist stabbed to death in Moscow on April 16; and in separate incidents a Tajik construction worker and an Armenian student were stabbed to death in Moscow on April 22. Sova Center, cited in Mark Franchetti, "Russia's Nazis launch wave of racist attacks," Sunday Times (London), May 7, 2006.

[2] "McCain Urges Boycott of G8 Summit," AZCongress Watch, February 5, 2006, available at:
http://www.azcongresswatch.com/?p=1128.

[3] "V Voronezhe peredano v sud delo ob ubistve Peruanskogo studenta," SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, February 22, 2006, available at http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A2A1E/6E407A3.

[4] "Mosgorsud prigovoril Alexandra Kopseva k 13 godam," Lenta.ru, March 27, 2006, available at
http://lenta.ru/news/2006/03/27/koptsev1/.

[5] "V Sankt-Peterburge zaderzhano pyat chelovek, podozrevaemykh v prichasnosti k ubistvu senegalskogo studenta," SOVA Center, May 22, 2006, available at: http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A2A1E/759529A.

[6] Carl Schreck and Galina Stolyarova, "Student Killed in City Center Attack," St. Petersburg Times, November 15, 2005, available at http://www.sptimes.ru/story/16097.

[7] "Prokurora Sankt-Petersburga raskryla ubistvo studenta-antifashista," Agenstvo Natsionalnikh Novostei, December 15, 2005, available at: http://www.annews.ru/modules.php?
name=News&file=article&sid=24327.

[8] Article 111. Deliberate infliction of grievous bodily harm

1. Deliberate infliction of grievous bodily harm … is punishable by incarceration from two to eight years.

2. The same actions, committed:

(…)

f. with a motive of national, racial, religious hatred or enmity… is punishable by incarceration for three to ten years.

Article 112. Deliberate infliction of moderate bodily harm

1. Deliberate infliction of moderate bodily harm… is punishable by arrest for a period of three to six months or by incarceration for up to three years.

2. The same actions, committed:

(…)

f. with a motive of national, racial, religious hatred or enmity… is punishable by incarceration for up to five years.

Article 117. Torture

1. The causing of physical or psychological suffering through systematic beatings or other violent actions … is punishable by incarceration for a period of up to three years.

2. The same actions, committed:

(…)

h. with a motive of national, racial, religious hatred or enmity… is punishable by incarceration for a period of three to seven years.

[9] Article 244. Desecration of mortal remains or places of burial

1. Desecration of mortal remains … is punishable by a fine in the amount of up to forty thousand rubles or the amount of a salary or other income of the perpetrator for the period of three months, or mandatory work for a period from one hundred twenty to one hundred eighty hours, or corrective labor for a period of up to one year, or arrest for a period of up to three months.

2. The same actions, committed:

(…)

b. with a motive of national, racial, religious hatred or enmity… is punishable by limited freedom for a period of up to three years, or arrest from three to six months or incarceration for up to three years.

[10] "Third Report on the Russian Federation," para 21, European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), December 16, 2005.

[11] "Puti uluchsheniya zakonodatelstva v sfere protivodeistviya extremistskoi deyatelnosti," SOVA Center, January 27, 2006, available at http://xeno.sova-center.ru/29481C8/6C1BBD0.

[12] "Ubiits tadjikskoi devochkoi prigovorili," Rossisskaya Gazeta, March 30, 2006, available at:
http://www.rg.ru/2006/03/30/prigovor-detali.html.

[13] "Skinhead Leader Gets Six Years in Jail," Union of Councils for Soviet Jews (UCSJ), Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 49, December 16, 2005.

[14] "Light Sentences for Five Skinheads," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 49, December 16, 2005.

[15] According to the SOVA Center, in 2005 there were 11 such guilty verdicts implicating 13 persons. Galina Kozhevnikova, Alexander Verkhovsky, "Prestupleniya na pochve nenavisti, protivodeistvie im i zloupotrebleniya pri etom protivodeistvii," SOVA Center, May 8, 2006, available at: http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A2A1E/75003F7.

[16] Galina Kozhevnikova, Alexander Verkhovsky, "Prestupleniya na pochve nenavisti, protivodeistvie im i zloupotrebleniya pri etom protivodeistvii," SOVA Center, May 8, 2006, available at: http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A2A1E/75003F7.

[17] "Third Report on the Russian Federation," para 22, 23, ECRI.

[18] "Vynesen prigovor organizatoram vystavki ‘Ostorozhno religia!'" SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, March 28, 2005, available at http://religion.sova-center.ru/events/13B74CE/13DC3A3/52FAC82.

[19] "Russian Human Rights Defenders in Danger," Human Rights First, February 8, 2006, available at http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/defenders/hrd_russia/
hrd_russia.htm.

[20] "Gosudarstvennye pravozashchitniki protestuyut protiv neeffektivnogo ispolzovania antiekstremistkogo zakonodatelstva," Regnum.ru, January 31, 2006, available at http://www.regnum.ru/news/582242.html.

[21] International Society "Memorial," February 26, 2006, available at http://www.memo.ru/hr/jbl/doc/2005ashirov.html

[22] "Russian Human Rights Group Faces Closure," Human Rights First, April 6, 2006, available at: http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/defenders/hrd_russia/
alert040606_badalov.htm.

[23] Alexander Verkhovsky, "Antiekstremistiye popravky: besmyslenniye zhestko i obshchestvenno opasno," SOVA Center, February 8, 2006, available at http://xeno.sova-center.ru/29481C8/6D183E2.

[24] "Dumsky Komitet po bezopasnosti vzyalsya za temy ekstremisma," SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, May, 16, 2006, available at http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A2A39/7519DD6.

[25] "Obshchie svedenie o sostoyanie prestupnosti," p. 1. Ministry of the Interior, available at
http://www.mvdrf.ru/files/4001.pdf.

[26] "Obshchie svedenie o sostoyanie prestupnosti," p. 25. Ministry of the Interior, available at
http://www.mvdrf.ru/files/4001.pdf.

[27] Michael McClintock, Everyday Fears: A Survey of Violent Hate Crimes in Europe and North America, p. 106, Human Rights First, New York, 2005, available at: http://www.humanrightsfirst.org.

[28] According to Russia's 2003 report to CERD, just 44 cases were opened in 1999, of which nine were brought to trial.

[29] "Hate Crime Up in Russia; Law Enforcement Complicit," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 41, October 21, 2005, citing the Russian television program "Zerkalo," October 15, 2005. 

[30] "Putin for Joint Action Against Antisemitism and Extremism," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 10, March 11, 2005, citing Itar-Tass news agency. Putin also declared that "We will be able to work effectively, if we work together in the conditions of building confidence in each other, and coordinating everything we do." Russia is "a symbiosis of various nationalities, ethnic groups, and religions…This is what makes it strong," Putin said.

[31] Ethnic Profiling in the Moscow Metro, Open Society Institute, New York, 2006, available at:
http://www.justiceinitiative.org/.

[32] Galina Kozhevnikova, "Radical Nationalism in Russia and Efforts to Oppose it in 2005," SOVA Center, February 25, 2006, available at http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB4208/6E811ED. Figures available in the report for 2005 were updated and figures for 2006 were made available on May 15, 2006, available at:
http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A2A1E/75003F7.

[33] Semen Charny, "Rasizm, ksenofobia, antisemitizm, etnicheskaya discriminatsia v Rossisskoi Federetsii v 2005," Moscow Bureau for Human Rights, available at http://www.antirasizm.ru/publ_060.doc.

[34] Galina Kozhevnikova, "Radical Nationalism in Russia and Efforts to Oppose it in 2005," SOVA Center, February 25, 2006, available at http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB4208/6E811ED. Figures available in the report were updated and made available on May 15, 2006, available at: http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A2A1E/75003F7.

[35] "Gosudarstvennye pravozashchitniki protestuyut protiv neeffektivnogo ispolzovania antiekstremistkogo zakonodatelstva," Regnum.ru, January 31, 2006, available at http://www.regnum.ru/news/582242.html.

[36] "Doklad o deyatelnosti upolnomochenogo po pravam cheloveka v Rossisskoi Federatsii v 2005," Office of the Ombudsman of the Russian Federation, available at http://www.ombudsmanrf.ru/doc/ezdoc/05.shtml.

[37] "Human Rights Ombudsman Warns of ‘Aggressive Intolerance,'" UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 25, June 24, 2005, citing intertat.ru, June 16, 2005.

[38] "Hate Crime Up in Russia; Law Enforcement Complicit," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 41, October 21, 2005, citing the Russian television program "Zerkalo," October 15, 2005.

[39] "Tolerantnost ne nuzhna Rossii?" Prava Cheloveka V Rossii, June 24, 2004, citing Novaya Gazeta, available at: http://www.hro.org/actions/nazi/2004/06/24.php.

[40] "Third Report on the Russian Federation," para. 37, 42, ECRI.

[41] "Third Report on the Russian Federation," para 152-160, ECRI.

[42] "Naidite desyat otlichii: tak govorit Tkachev," SOVA Center, March 20, 2006, available at
http://xeno.sova-center.ru/213716E/213988B/706744F.

[43] Valery Vyzhotovich, "Pokhod na inorodtsev," Moscow News, December 13, 2002, available at
http://www.mn.ru/print.php?2002-12-13.

[44] Galina Kozhevnikova, "Radical Nationalism in Russia and Efforts to Oppose it in 2005". SOVA Center, February 25, 2006, available at http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB4208/6E811ED

[45] "Muslims Attacked in Moscow Oblast," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 41, October 21, 2005, citing Interfax, October 14.

[46] "Mosque Vandalized," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 33, August 26, 2005, citing Interfax.

[47] "Synagogue Attacked; Skinheads Jeer Muslims," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 35, September 9, 2005, citing the website of the Russian Jewish Congress, Antisemitizmu.net.

[48] "Mosque Torched in Northern Russia, " UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 48, December 9, 2005, citing Interfax, December 2, 3005.

[49] "Anti-Armenian Vandalism in Krasnodar," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 31, August 5, 2005, citing the Regnum news agency.

[50] "Another Armenian Property Vandalized in Russia," Blogrel, November 15, 2005, available at http://www.blogrel.com/2005/11/15/another-armenian-property-in-russia-vandalized/.

[51] "Armenian Tombs Vandalized," USCJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 48, December 9, 2005, citing RIA-Novosti, December 7, 2005.

[52] Four veterans were reportedly involved in attacks at Moscow's Petrovsko-Razumovsky market, where one man and a woman were hospitalized with knife wounds. Attackers targeted Azeri watermelon vendors in Ufa, but were stopped by police, while in Saratov some 30 airborne troops attacked market traders, injuring at least one seriously. "Russia's Airborne Forces Mark Their Day with Racist Violence," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 32, August 12, 2005, citing SOVA Center, August 2, 2005.

[53] "Racist Attacks and Graffiti in Syktyvkar," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 33, August 26, 2005, citing Memorial, August 16, 2005.

[54] "Suspects in an Attack on Chechen Singer Arrested," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 37, September 23, 2005, citing SOVA Center.

[55] "Two Caucasus Natives Killed, 3 Wounded," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 48, December 9, 2005, citing Moscow Times.

[56] "Murder of Kyrgyz Likely Hate Crime, Prosecutors Say," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 6, Number 9, March 3, 2006, citing St. Petersburg Times.

[57] "Na vostoke Moskvy zarezali Tajika, eshche odin tyazhelo ranen," Noviye Izvestiya, April 22, 2006, available at http://www.newizv.ru/lenta/45195/.

[58] Mark Franchetti, "Russia's Nazis Launch Wave of Racist Attacks," Sunday Times (London), May 7, 2006.

[59] Marina Lemutkina, "Uzbekskogo podrostka zarezali na Rozhdestvo," Gazeta.ru, January 10, 2006, available at http://www.gazeta.ru/2006/01/10/oa_183964.shtml.

[60] Dmitry Vasiliev, "V Surgute opyat obnaruzhili skinheadov," Kommersant, April 5, 2006, available at http://www.kommersant.ru/region/ekaterinburg/
page.htm?Id_doc=663791.

[61] "V tsentre Peterburga zastrelili studenta iz Senegala," Fontanka.ru, April 7, 2006, available at http://www.fontanka.ru/161856.

[62] "V Peterburge 9-letnaya devochka poluchila tri udara nozhom," March 26, 2006, available at http://newsru.com/crime/26mar2006/naz.html.

[63] "Moscow Skinheads Kill Vietnamese," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 28, July 15, 2005, citing SOVA Center, July 12, 2005. No arrests were reported.

[64] "Two men of ‘Asian Appearance' Set on Fire," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 39, October 7, 2005, citing SOVA Center, September 27, 2005.

[65] "Japanese Diplomat and Wife Attacked in Moscow," USCJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 36, September 16, 2005, citing Moscow Times, September 13, 2005.

[66] "Chinese Students Beaten in Voronezh," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 37, September 23, 2005, citing SOVA Center, September 15, 2005.

[67] "Thai Students Attacked," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 40, October 14, 2005, citing the official Rossiyskaya Gazeta, September 29, 2005.

[68] McClintock, Everyday Fears ,p. 3

[69] "Russia to Drop Probe of Jewish Law Code Accused of Stoking Ethnic Hatred," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 27, July 8, 2005, citing the Jerusalem Post, June 28, 2005." The legal code of Judaism known as the Shulkhan Arukh was compiled by the Sephardic rabbi Joseph Caro in the mid­1500s.

[70] "Xenophobia Runs High in Russia, Says Russian Jewish Spokesman," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 28, July 15, 2005, citing Associated Press, July 5, 2005. Alexander Boroda, President of the Federation of Jewish Communities declared: "We are shocked by the very examination. The fact that books from the 16th century, which have become part of Jewish heritage, are subject to investigation shows the short-sightedness of the state prosecutor's people;" "Russia to Drop Probe of Jewish Law Code Accused of Stoking Ethnic Hatred," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 27, July 8, 2005.

[71] "Antisemites Rally in Moscow; Police Stand By," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 6, Number 9, March 3, 2006, citing Kommersant, February 26, 2006.

[72] Alexander Verkhovsky, "Antisemitism v Rossii, 2005. Osnovniye sobytiya i noviye tendentsii," SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, March 15, 2006, available at http://xeno.sova-center.ru/1ED6E3B/1ED7483/6FF9405.

[73] "Dva antisemitskikh napadeniya v odin den," SOVA Center, January 17, 2005, available at
http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A29F2/4D3637D; and "Rabbi Alexander Lakshin Attacked in Moscow," NCSJ, January 18, 2005, available at http://www.ncsj.org/AuxPages/011805Lakshin.shtml.

[74] Testimony of Nickolai Butkevich, UCSJ: Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union Before the USCIRF Hearing "Russia: Religious Communities, Extremist Movements, and the State," February 7, 2005, available at http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/020505USICRFTestimony.pdf (accessed May 10, 2006.

[75] "Synagogue in Vladimir Vandalized," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 23

Friday, June 10, 2005, citing Moscow Bureau for Human Rights.

[76] "Synagogue Attacked; Skinheads Jeer Muslims," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 35, September 9, 2005, citing the website of the Russian Jewish Congress, Antisemitizmu.net.

[77] "Synagogue Burned Down Near Moscow," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 19, May 13, 2005, citing Interfax.

[78] "Jewish Graves in Kazan Vandalized," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 21, May 27, 2005, citing Intertat.ru, May 26, 2005; "Moscow Jewish Cemetery Vandalized," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 20, May 20, 2005, citing the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, May 125, 2005; "Jewish Cemetery Vandalized," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 6, Number 18, May 12, 2006, citing Newsru.com, May 6, 2005.

[79] "Antisemic Vandalism in Tver, Smolensk," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 32, August 12, 2005, citing AEN news agency, August 6, 2005.

[80] "Tambov Jewish Cemetery Vandalized," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 35

Friday, September 9, 2005, citing the Federation of Jewish Communities of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

[81] "St. Petersburg Cemetery Again Vandalized," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 41, October 21, 2005, citing Associated Press, October 16, 2005.

[82] Marina Brin, "Oskverneny yevreiskyie mogily," Jewish News Agency, April 21, 2006, available at:
http://www.aen.ru/anti-semitism/story-id=622/.

[83] "Neo-Nazis Smash Up Kosher Store," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 27, July 8, 2005, citing a bulletin of July 1, 2005 on the Russian Jewish web site Jewish.ru.

[84] "Kosher Restaurant Again Vandalized," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 38, September 30, 2005, citing Rosbalt news agency, September 26, 2005.

[85] "Antisemitic Graffiti Reappears," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 10, March 11, 2005, citing Jewish.ru, March 2, 2005.

[86] "Taganrog Jewish Center Vandalized, UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 30, July 29, 2005, citing AEN news service, July 22, 2005.

[87] "Swastika Daubed on Vladimir Jewish Center Fence," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 33, August 26, 2005, citing Regnum news agency, August 22, 2005.

[88] "Na ulitsakh Saratova – antisemitskiye ‘graffiti'," Antisemitizmu.net, February 21, 2006, available at http://www.antisemitismu.net/site/site.aspx?
STID=293867&SECTIONID=310840&IID=313747.

[89] "Violent Antisemites Get Long Sentences," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Vol. 6, no. 11, March 17, 2006, citing report by the Novosibirsk edition of the national daily Kommersant, March 14, 2006.

[90] Neo-Nazis Suspected of Setting Up Antisemitic Exploding Signs, UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 30, July 29, 2005, citing the Tomsk newspaper Tomskaya Nedelya, July 21, 2005.

[91] No progress has been reported in inquiries into the two incidents. The Lyubuchany arson followed the holding a national rally of Baptists sponsored by the Lyubuchany church that was disrupted by police.

[92] "Baptist Church Firebombed," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 19, May 13, 2005, citing the Slavic Law Center, May 4, 2005.

[93] "Jehovah's Witnesses Sue Over Right to Worship, Deaf Jehovists Contineu Struggle with Right's Defender," News about Religion in Russia, NTV, December 29, 2000, available at http://www.ntv.ru/religy/29Dec2000/mute.html (accessed May 15, 2006).

[94] "One Adventist Church Set on Fire, Another Had Windows Broken," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitory, Volume 6, Number 18, May 12, 2006, citing Novaya Taganrogskaya, May 6, 2005.

[95] Ibid.

[96] "Rodina Rally Against U.S. Protestant Institute," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 27, July 8, 2005.

[97] "Russian Orthodox Protest New Christian College in Moscow," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 20, May 20, 2005, citing Interfax.

[98] "Pentacostals Attacked in Moscow," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 33, August 26, 2005, citing SOVA Center, August 16, 2005.

[99] "I snova Iskitim…," SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, November 10, 2005, available at
http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A29F2/65B0C4F; Boris Krendel, "Podzhogi v interesakh naseleniya?" November 13, 2005, Citizens' Watch, available at: http://control.hro.org/okno/pr/2005/11/13.php.

[100] "Napadenie skinheadov na tsigan v Volgogradskoi oblasti: 2 cheloveka ubyti, 2 raneny," Newsru.com, April 14, 2006, available at: http://www.newsru.com/crime/14apr2006/skins.html.

[101] Vitaly Lukashov, "Tabor ukhodit za tri milliona," Vesti.ru, March 7, 2006, available at: http://www.vesti.ru/comments_print.html?pid=42449.

[102] "Skinheady izbili muzikantov," SOVA Center, February 9, 2006, available at
http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A29F2/6D2D48A.

[103] "Moscow Skinheads Assault Bob Marley Fans," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 14, April 8, 2005, citing SOVA Center, March 28, 2005.

[104] "Skinheads Brutalize Musicians, One is in a Coma, UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 15, April 15, 2005, citing Moscow Helsinki Group, April 5, 2005.

[105] "Police Stop Skinhead Attack on Rock Concert," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 14

Friday, April 8, 2005, citing the local newspaper Vyatsky Kray, April 2, 2005.

[106] "Komi Republic Skinheads Attack Rap Fans," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 6, Number 18, May 12, 2006, citing the local newspaper Parallel, May 5, 2005.

[107] "Anti-fascists Assaulted in Voronezh," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 16, April 22, 2005, citing SOVA Center, April 18.

[108] "V Tumene soversheno napadenie na zhurnalistov," Regnum.ru, March 19, 2006, available at
http://www.regnum.ru/news/608680.html.

[109] "Napadenie na antifashistov v Orle," SOVA Center, March 27, 2006, available at
http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A29F2/70F9A03.

[110] "Zhizn za ubezhdeniya," Indimedia, April 16, 2006, available at http://ru.indymedia.org/newswire/display/14660/index.php.

[111] "Russia: Gay Pride Parade Should Not Be Banned," Human Rights Watch, February 27, 2006, available at http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/02/27/russia12728.htm.

[112] "Napadeniya na gay-kluby v Moskve," SOVA Center, 2 May 2006, available at
http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A29F2/73EFE6B.

[113] "Moscow Mayor Says West Can Learn from Russia about Gay Rights," RFE/RL Newsline Vol. 10, No. 98, May 31, 2006.

[114] Maxim Anmeghichean, "Directly from Moscow – Detailed Accounts of the Events by ILGA-Europe!" ILGA-Europe, May 28, 2006, available at: http://www.ilga-europe.org/europe/news/moscow_pride_27_may_2006/
gay_pride_events_in_moscow_erupts_in_violence_moscow_
militia_fails_to_ensure_order; "100 Arrested at Moscow Gay Protest,
German MP Injured," Monsters and Critics, May 27, 2006, available at:
http://news.monstersandcritics.com/.

[115] "Prestuplenie nenavisti v Moskve, 27-28 Maya 2006," LINA Agency of Legal Information/GayClub.ru, May 30, 2006, available at: http://www.gayclub.ru/society/2397.html.

[116] Semen Charny, "Rasizm, ksenofobia, antisemitizm, etnicheskaya discriminatsia v Rossisskoi Federetsii v 2005," Moscow Bureau for Human Rights, available at http://www.antirasizm.ru/publ_060.doc.

[117] "Shestvie skinheadov v Moscovskom metro," SOVA Center, 5 May 2006, available at
http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A29F2/742E021.

[118] Andrei Serenko, "Skinheady podnyali rating uznavaemosti," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, May 18, 2006, available at: http://www.ng.ru/printed/67898.

[119] "Nedopustim zhidskykh revolutsii," Slavic Union, April 4, 2005, available at: http://demushkin.com/engine/index.php?
module=news&a=showme&id=1112663607.

[120] "Duma Deputy Praises Skinheads in Video, UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 49, December 16, 2005, citing Moskovsky Komsomolets, December 9, 2005.

[121] "Deputat Kurianovich schitaet skinheadov ‘poleznoi organizatsii,'" SOVA Center, October 13, 2005, available at
http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A29F2/635D4C5.

[122] "Nazistkoe privetsvie – ne ksenophobia, a vospitatelnaya aktsia," SOVA Center, 3 November 2005, available at
http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A29F2/651C8B1.

[123] "Murder of Congolese Student Sparks Debate," UCSJ Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 37, September 23, 2005, citing St. Petersburg Times.

[124] "Second Report on the Russian Federation," para. 62, ECRI, March 16, 2001.

[125] "Third Report on the Russian Federation," para 145, ECRI.

[126] Galina Kozhevnikova, "Radical Nationalism in Russia and Efforts to Oppose it in 2005". SOVA Center, February 25, 2006, available at http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB4208/6E811ED; "Cossacks Retaliate Against Armenians," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 13, April 1, 2005, citing Regnum.ru.

[127] "Federalny zakon Rossisskoi Federatsii ot 5 dekabya 2005 N 154 FZ O gosudarstvennoi sluzhbe rossskogo kazachestva," Rossisskaya Gazeta, December 8, 2005, available at:
http://www.rg.ru/2005/12/08/kazachestvo.html; "Putin Made Legal the Main Racist and Antisemitic Force in Southern Russia," Caucasus Times, December 7, 2005, available at:
http://www.caucasustimes.com/article.asp?id=6845.

[128] Galina Kozhevnikova, "Rossisskiye SMI kak instrument pooshchrenie ksenophobnikh nastoenii," SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, March 9, 2006, available at http://xeno.sova-center.ru/213716E/21728E3/6F69E89.

[129] A. Golov, "Massovoe vospriatie natsionalinikh menshinstv: peremeny za god," Levada Analytical Center, 14 December 2005, available at: http://www.levada.ru/press/2005121400.html.

[130] Lev Gudkov and Boris Dubin, "Privatizatsii politsii," Levada Analytical Center, 13 February 2006, available at: http://www.publicverdict.org/ru/articles/research/ppl.html.

[131] "S dnyem pobedy! Ura! – Putin na parade v Mosckve," Regnum.ru, 9 May 2006, available at: http://www.regnum.ru/news/636778.html.

[132] "Putin Scores Police for Failing to Combat Extremism," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 6, Number 8, February 24, 2006.

[133] "Police Chief Denies Skinheads Exist," UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, Volume 5, Number 5, February 4, 2005, citing Itar-Tass, available at: http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/020405Russ2.shtml.

[134] "Peterburgskiye chinovniki i siloviki: eto ne fashizm, a provokatsia protiv goroda," SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, April 21, 2006, available at: http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A2A1E/730B7CB.

[135] [135] "St. Petersburg Governor Says Neo-Nazis ‘Not Dangerous,'" UCSJ, Bigotry Monitor, May 26, 2006, citing Itar-Tass, May 24, 2006.

[136] Although exact figures on the number of skinheads in St. Petersburg may be impossible to determine, estimates from various nongovernmental experts have ranged from several thousand up to 10,000 – serious figures even at the low end of the range. See Alexander Tarasov, "Nazi-skiny v sovremennoi Rossii," February 11, 2004, Skepsis Scientific and Informational Journal, available at: http://www.scepsis.ru/library/id_605.html; "Russian Skinheads Most Numerous in World," Mosnews.com, April 18, 2005, available at: http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/04/18/
russianskinheads.shtml.

[137] Ibid., citing Baltic Information Agency, May 24, 2006; Svetlana Borisova, Nadezhda Zaitsova, "V Peterburge likvidirovali bandu ekstremistov," Fontanka.ru, May 25, 2006, available at: http://www.fontanka.ru/165385.

[138] "Third Report on the Russian Federation," para 137, ECRI.

[139] "Programma Grazhdanskykh Deistvii Protiv Fashizma," SOVA Center, May 14, 2006, available at http://xeno.sova-center.ru/29481C8/752A760.