Arms Sales to Sudan, 2004-2006 – Endnotes
[1] China ships more advanced weapons to Sudan, UPI Asia Online, March 28, 2008, available at http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?page=imprimable&id_article=26537
[2] Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) signed a contract to supply Sudan with 10 radar systems, Press Trust of India, February 8, 2005, available at http://finance.indiainfo.com/news/2005/02/08/0802aerobel.html
[3] Russian pilots fly Sudan MIGs in Darfur missions, World Tribune, May 29, 2008, available at http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2008/af_sudan0189_05_29.asp
[4] Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment – North Africa, January 23, 2008
[5] According to U.N. Comtrade data, Sudan reportedly purchased $128 million worth of aircraft (helicopters and airplanes), parts and flight simulators. Counties involved include China, Albania, Andorra, Australia, Azerbaijan, Egypt, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malaysia, Mozambique, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russia (certified as military aircraft), Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen and Zimbabwe.
[6] For the purpose of this summary, small arms and light weapons include rifles, shotguns, revolvers, pistols, muzzle-loading firearms, arms not elsewhere specified (nes) and the category of ‘military weapons other than hand guns, swords, etc’. It does not include parts and accessories; swords and other bladed weapons; or any kind of ammunition.
[7] Abuses by Sudanese “Janjaweed” and Chadian militiamen, Human Rights Watch, June 2006, available at http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/africa/chad0606/5.htm
[8] UN Document S/RES/1556 (2004), operative para. 7. The N’Djamena ceasefire agreement was signed on April 8, 2004, by the Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army and the Justice and Equality Movement which were the two largest rebel groups operating in Darfur at the time.
[9] UN Document S/RES/1556 (2004), operative para. 1.
[10] See UN Document S/RES/1591 (2005), operative para. 7.
[11] This judgment was made by the Security Council’s 1591 Sanctions Committee in response to a question addressed to it by Belarus. See UN Document S/2006/543, 19 July 2006, para. 10.
[12] The 1591 Sanctions Committee is composed of all members of the Security Council and charged with monitoring compliance with the Darfur arms embargo.
[13] Sudan’s reports to Comtrade are provided by the statistics division of Comesa, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. However, a representative of Comesa’s statistics office informed Human Rights First that the Government of Sudan provides the figures to Comesa and they are forwarded without adjustment to Comtrade.
[14] U.N. Register of Conventional Arms, Report of Belarus, 2007, available at http://disarmament.un.org/UN_REGISTER.nsf
[15] Russia delivers MiG-29 fighter- jets to Sudan, World Tribune, August 5, 2008, available at http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2008/af_sudan0397_08_04.asp
[16] People’s Republic of China: Sustaining conflict and human rights abuses, Amnesty International, June 11, 2006, available at http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/030/2006/en/dom-ASA170302006en.html ; Daniel Pepper, War follows refugees to Darfur: From inside Sudan, Chadian rebels launch attacks on their home, San Francisco Chronicle, March 13, 2006, available at http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/03/13/MNGE2HN6NB1.DTL ; Sudan, Oil and Human Rights, Human Rights Watch, September 2003, available at http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/sudan1103/ ; United Nations Panel of Experts on Sudan, Final Reports from the Panel of Experts, (New York: United Nations, 2006), S/2006/65 (January 2006), S/2006/250 (April 2006), and S/2006/795 (October 2006), available at http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1591/reports.shtml
[17] Andrei Chang, Analysis: China Sells Arms to Sudan, United Press International, February 15, 2008, available at
http://www.upi.com/International_Security/Industry/
Analysis/2008/02/15/analysis_china_sells_arms_to_sudan/7530/
[18] Andrei Chang, Analysis: China Sells Arms to Sudan, United Press International, February 15, 2008, available at
http://www.upi.com/International_Security/Industry/
Analysis/2008/02/15/analysis_china_sells_arms_to_sudan/7530/
[19] China ships more advanced weapons to Sudan, UPI Asia Online, March 28, 2008, available at http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?page=imprimable&id_article=26537
[20] United Nations Panel of Experts on Sudan, Final Report from the Panel of Experts, January 30, 2006, S/2006/65, available at http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1591/reports.shtml
[21] Part of 2005 cooperation package, delivered in 2006. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Transfers of major conventional weapons: sorted by supplier, available at www.sipri.org/contents/armstrad/REG_EXP_CHI_97
[22] Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) signed a contract to supply Sudan with 10 radar systems, Press Trust of India, February 8, 2005, available at http://finance.indiainfo.com/news/2005/02/08/0802aerobel.html
[23] Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) contract with Sudan, Indo-Asian News Service, April 12, 2005, available at http://www.southasianews.com/4448/BEL-targets-Rs.36-bn-revenue-in-2005-06.htm
[24] The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute established that this transfer had taken place using the website of the Sudan military industry, available at http://mic.sd/english/mainen.htm , pictures published in Iranian media showing these armored vehicles in use in Iran, and film footage of a military parade in Khartoum in December 2007.
[25] Iran violating arms embargo on Sudan: report, Sudan Tribune, September 5, 2008, available at http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article28514
[26] Sudan: arms continuing to fuel serious human rights violations in Darfur, Amnesty International, May 2007, available at http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?lang=e&id=ENGAFR540192007
[27] Moscow Defends Sudan Sales, Nixes Sanctions, The St. Petersburg Times, July 27, 2004, available at http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=1163
[28] Moscow Defends Sudan Sales, Nixes Sanctions, The St. Petersburg Times, July 27, 2004, available at http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=1163
[29] Russian pilots fly Sudan MIGs in Darfur missions, World Tribune, May 29, 2008, available at http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2008/af_sudan0189_05_29.asp
[30] Sudan, Turkey ink military cooperation accord, Sudan Tribune, August 1, 2006, available at http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article16883
[31] For use by the African Union Mission in Sudan, see U.N. Register of Conventional Arms, Report of South Africa, 2006, available at http://disarmament.un.org/UN_REGISTER.nsf
