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Endnotes

[1] Sinti are considered to be either a different ethnic group or a major subcategory of Roma; they mainly reside in German-speaking areas of Central Europe.

[2] Open Society Justice Initiative, Ethnic Profiling in the Moscow Metro, Open Society Institute, June 2006, http://www.soros.org/initiatives/osji/articles_publications/publications/profiling_20060613.

[3] “UN body finds Greece did not provide effective remedy to Roma victim of police violence,” Press Release, the World Organization Against Torture and the Greek Helsinki Monitor, August 13, 2008, http://cm.greekhelsinki.gr/uploads/2008_files/ghm1048_omct_ghm_unhrc_kalamiotis_english.doc.

[4] Amnesty International, The State of the World’s Human Rights 2008: Romania, POL 10/001/2008, June 2008, p. 246.

[5] Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States parties Under Article 9 of the Convention, Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, CERD/C/UKR/CO/18, February 8, 2007, http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/898586b1dc7b4043c1256a450044f331/5a855cc45d65082dc1257214005d3c77/$FILE/G0740377.doc.

[6] Decade for Roma Inclusion 2005-2015, “NGO Coalition Calls for EU Framework Strategy Against Roma Discrimination,” Press Statement, March 07, 2008, http://www.romadecade.org/index.php?content=211.

[7] Thomas Hammarberg, “Memorandum following the visit to Italy on 19-20 June 2008,” the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, CommDH(2008)18, para. 26, July 28, 2008, https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?Ref=CommDH(2008)18#P75_6880.

[8] Liana Melella and Giovanna Vitale, “Romeni, scattano le espulsioni ‘Via i primi cinquemila,’” la Repubblica, November 2, 2007, http://www.repubblica.it/2007/10/sezioni/cronaca/tor-di-quinto/scattano-espulsioni/scattano-espulsioni.html.

[9] Amnesty International, The State of the World’s Human Rights 2008: Italy, POL 10/001/2008, June 2008, pp. 171-172.

[10] “Brutal Attack in Rome: Italy Cracks Down on Immigrant Crime Wave,” Spiegel Online, November 2, 2007, http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,515008,00.html.

[11] Amnesty International, The State of the World’s Human Rights 2008: Italy, POL 10/001/2008, June 2008, p. 171.

[12] “Sicurezza, Veltroni contro la Romania Per le espulsioni varato un decreto legge,” la Repubblica, October 31, 2007, http://www.repubblica.it/2007/10/sezioni/cronaca/tor-di-quinto/reazioni-uccisa/reazioni-uccisa.html.

[13] John Hooper, “Violence as Italy expels migrants,” the Observer, November 4, 2007, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/nov/04/italy.johnhooper.

[14] Cristina Bradatan, “Migration: The Italian Job,” Transitions Online, January 8, 2008, http://www.icare.to/article.php?id=12899&lang=en.

[15] Claude Cahn, “EU must act to stop Italy racism crisis,” EUobserver.com, August 21, 2008, http://euobserver.com/9/26620.

[16] Peter Popham, “Italian tolerance goes up in smoke as Gypsy camp is burnt to ground,” the Independent, May 16, 2008, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/italian-tolerance-goes-up-in-smoke-as-gypsy-camp-is-burnt-to-ground-829318.html; Richard Owen, “Gypsy shanty towns burn in Naples as Italian police swoop on illegal immigrants,” Times Online, May 16, 2008, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3940192.ece; and Decade for Roma Inclusion 2005-2015, “ERIO Statement Concerning the Aggressive Racial Attacks against Roma people in Italy,” May 20, 2008, http://www.romadecade.org/index.php?content=7.

[17] Open Society Institute, Security a la Italiana: Fingerprinting, Extreme Violence and Harassment of Roma in Italy, OSI, July 15, 2008, http://www.soros.org/initiatives/brussels/articles_publications/publications/fingerprinting_20080715/fingerprinting_20080715.pd.

[18] Decade for Roma Inclusion 2005-2015, “ERIO Statement Concerning the Aggressive Racial Attacks against Roma people in Italy,” May 20, 2008, http://www.romadecade.org/index.php?content=7; and Associated Press, “Nearly 400 held in Italian crime crackdown,” USA Today, May 15, 2008, http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-05-15-italy-crime_N.htm.

[19] Richard Owen, “Gypsy shanty towns burn in Naples as Italian police swoop on illegal immigrants,” Times Online, May 16, 2008, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3940192.ece.

[20] Tracy Wilkinson, “Italy’s right targets Gypsies, migrants,” the Los Angeles Times, May 24, 2008, http://articles.latimes.com/2008/may/24/world/fg-right24.

[21] Open Society Institute, Security a la Italiana: Fingerprinting, Extreme Violence and Harassment of Roma in Italy, OSI, July 15, 2008, http://www.soros.org/initiatives/brussels/articles_publications/publications/fingerprinting_20080715/fingerprinting_20080715.pd.

[22] Sylvia Poggioli, “Italy Considers Special Body to Deal with Gypsies,” National Public Radio, May 19, 2008, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90584021.

[23] Phil Stewart, “Berlusconi launches illegal immigrant clampdown,” Reuters, May 21, 2008, http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL21884735.

[24] Thomas Hammarberg, “Hate crimes – the ugly face of racism, anti-Semitism, anti-Gypsyism, Islamophobia and homophobia,” Viewpoints, the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, July 21, 2008, http://www.coe.int/t/commissioner/Viewpoints/080721_en.asp.

[25] Silvio Berlusconi, “Dichiarazione dello stato di emergenza in relazione agli insediamenti di comunita’ nomadi nel territorio delle regioni Campania, Lazio e Lombardia,” Gazzetta Ufficiale, no. 122, May 26, 2008, http://www.solidarietasociale.gov.it/NR/rdonlyres/9BF7E323-7BA8-4676-B167-554B73954D2B/0/Focus_N8_Allegato2_DPCMstatodiemergenzaROM.pdf.

[26] The European Parliament, “Census of the Roma on the basis of ethnicity in Italy,” Resolution 2008/2614(RSP), July 10, 2008, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2008-0361+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN.

[27] Open Society Institute, Security a la Italiana: Fingerprinting, Extreme Violence and Harassment of Roma in Italy, OSI, July 15, 2008, http://www.soros.org/initiatives/brussels/articles_publications/publications/fingerprinting_20080715/fingerprinting_20080715.pd.

[28] The European Parliament, “Census of the Roma on the basis of ethnicity in Italy,” Resolution 2008/2614(RSP), July 10, 2008, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2008-0361+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN.

[29] “Immigrants: New anti-immigrant measures introduced,” Wanted in Rome, May 23, 2008, http://www.wantedinrome.com/news/news.php?id_n=4497.

[30] Open Society Institute, Security a la Italiana: Fingerprinting, Extreme Violence and Harassment of Roma in Italy, OSI, July 15, 2008, http://www.soros.org/initiatives/brussels/articles_publications/publications/fingerprinting_20080715/fingerprinting_20080715.pd.

[31] The European Parliament, “Census of the Roma on the basis of ethnicity in Italy,” Resolution 2008/2614(RSP), July 10, 2008, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2008-0361+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN.

[32] Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, “OSCE human rights body concerned about anti-Roma violence in Italy,” Press Release, May 16, 2008, http://www.osce.org/item/31147.html.

[33] Associated Press, “EU officials denounce attacks on Gypsies in Italy,” Romea.cz, May 20, 2008, http://www.romea.cz/english/index.php?id=detail&detail=2007_912.

[34] Thomas Hammarberg, Memorandum following the visit to Italy on 19-20 June 2008, the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, CommDH(2008)18, para. 26, July 28, 2008, https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?Ref=CommDH(2008)18#P75_6880.

[35] “Italy: Gov’t rejects claims of police violence in Gypsy camps,” Adkronos International, July 29, 2008, http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Security/?id=1.0.2375686317.

[36] “Rebecca Covaciu, 12-year-old Roma girl, winner of the 2008 Unicef Prize, assaulted in Milan,” Romea.cz, June 23, 2008, http://www.romea.cz/english/index.php?id=detail&detail=2007_939.

[37] Tom Kington, “We won’t be Berlusconi’s scapegoats, say Gypsies,” the Observer, June 15, 2008, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jun/15/italy.race.

[38] European Roma Rights Centre, “Skinhead Attack of Roma Sparks Unrest,” Roma Rights Quarterly, vol. 3, November 2007, http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=2869.

[39] Reuters, “Bulgaria Roma riots highlight discrimination-group,” AlertNet, August 16, 2007, http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L16241089.htm.

[40] “Bulgaria: Summary of riots in Sofia,” Romea.cz, August 20, 2007, http://www.romea.cz/english/index.php?id=detail&detail=2007_487, citing Sofia Echo.

[41] Reuters, “Bulgaria Roma riots highlight discrimination-group,” AlertNet, August 16, 2007, http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L16241089.htm.

[42] “Sofia Mayor Proposes Roma to Join Police Patrols in Risky Districts,” Romea.cz, August 21, 2007, http://www.romea.cz/english/index.php?id=detail&detail=2007_497, citing Sofia News Agency.

[43] “A meeting between representatives of the National Police Service and Romani Baht Foundation,” Romea.cz, August 22, 2007, http://www.romea.cz/english/index.php?id=detail&detail=2007_498, citing Romea.

[44] “Roma Teenager Beaten to Death in Bularia’s Somokov,” Romea.cz, August 22, 2007, http://www.romea.cz/english/index.php?id=detail&detail=2007_500, citing Sofia News Agency/Focus News Agency.

[45] European Roma Rights Centre, “Romani Teenager Beaten to Death,” Roma Rights Quarterly, vol. 3, November 2007, http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=2871.

[46] “Bulgaria Launches Investigation in Roma Boy Beaten to Death Case,” Romea.cz, August 23, 2007, http://www.romea.cz/english/index.php?id=detail&detail=2007_505, citing Sofia News Agency.

[47] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Bulgarian Leaders Nix Creation of Militia against Roma,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 7, no. 33, August 31, 2007, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/083107BM.shtml.

[48] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Bulgarian Roma Clash with Skinheads,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 7, no. 32, August 24, 2007, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/082407BM.shtml.

[49] Amnesty International, The State of the World’s Human Rights 2008: Czech Republic, POL 10/001/2008, June 2008, p. 109.

[50] “Janackova escapes racism charges,” Prague Daily Monitor, April 24, 2008, http://www.praguemonitor.com/en/323/czech_politics/21902/.

[51] “Extremist National Guard Starts Recruitment Campaign,” Prague Daily Monitor, December 8, 2007, http://www.praguemonitor.com/en/230/czech_national_news/15761/.

[52] United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Summary Prepared by the Office of The High Commissioner for Human Rights, Czech Republic,” UN General Assembly, Human Rights Council, A/HRC/WG.6/1/CZE/3, March 6, 2008, http://daccess-ods.un.org/TMP/1196441.html.

[53] European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Annual Report, 2008, TK-AG-08-001-EN-C, http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/ar08/ar08_en.pdf, p. 61.

[54] Cristina Brădăţan, “Migration: The Italian Job,” Transitions Online, January 8, 2008, http://www.icare.to/article.php?id=12899&lang=en.

[55] Amnesty International, The State of the World’s Human Rights 2008: Romania, POL 10/001/2008, June 2008, p. 246.; and “Romanian foreign minister criticised for saying citizens who commit crimes abroad should be sent to labor camps in the desert,” Daily Mail, November 5, 2007, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-491886/Romanian-foreign-minister-criticised-saying-citizens-commit-crimes-abroad-sent-labour-camps-desert.html.

[56] Henry Scicluna, “Anti-Romani Speech in Europe’s Public Space—The Mechanism of Hate Speech,” European Roma Rights Centre, Roma Rights Quarterly, vol. 3, November 2007, http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=2921; and Associated Press, “Romania president sorry for ‘stinky Gypsy’ slur; He lashed out at reporter; activists left him a bar of soap and Gypsy music,” MSNBC, May 21, 2007, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18789903/.

[57] European Roma Rights Center, In Search of Happy Gypsies: Persecution of Pariah Minorities in Russia, May 2005, http://www.errc.org/db/01/4A/m0000014A.pdf.

[58] Open Society Institute, “Ethnic Profiling in the Moscow Metro,” OSI, June 2006, p. 47, http://www.soros.org/initiatives/osji/articles_publications/publications/profiling_20060613.

[59] European Roma Rights Center, In Search of Happy Gypsies: Persecution of Pariah Minorities in Russia, May 2005, http://www.errc.org/db/01/4A/m0000014A.pdf.

[60] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Roma Family Shot Dead,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 7, no. 35, September 14, 2007, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/091407BM.shtml; and Timofei Borisov, “V kogo strelyayut v Ingushetii,” Rossijskaya Gazeta, September 12, 2007, http://www.rg.ru/2007/09/12/ingushetiya.html.

[61] European Roma Rights Centre, “Romani Man Beaten in Serbia,” Roma Rights Quarterly, November, 2007, http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=2897.

[62] Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, “Head of OSCE Serbia Mission says perpetrators of Roma attacks should be prosecuted,” Press Release, August 24, 2007, http://www.osce.org/item/26009.html.

[63] Zuzana Vilikovská, “Sarközy family suffers another attack at hands of masked assailants,” the Slovak Spectator, May 31, 2007, http://www.spectator.sk/articles/view/27793.

[64] European Roma Rights Centre, “ERRC Letter to Slovak Prime Minister Mikuláš Dzurinda Concerning Events in Záhorská Ves,” February 13, 2004, http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=350.

[65] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2007: Slovak Republic, March 11, 2008, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100584.htm.

[66] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2007: Slovak Republic, March 11, 2008, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100584.htm.

[67] European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Annual Report, 2008, TK-AG-08-001-EN-C, http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/ar08/ar08_en.pdf, p. 22.

[68] The Council of Europe, European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Third Report on Ukraine, CRI(2008)4, February 12, 2008, http://www.coe.int/t/e/human_rights/ecri/1-ecri/2-country-by-country_approach/Ukraine/.

[69] European Roma Rights Centre, Proceedings Discontinued: The inertia of Roma rights change in Ukraine, Country Report Series, no. 16, December 2006, http://www.errc.org/db/01/F2/m000001F2.pdf, p. 39.

[70] Rachel Shields, “’No blacks, no dogs, no Gypsies,’” the Independent, July 6, 2008, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/no-blacks-no-dogsno-gypsies-860873.html.

[71] Gay McDougall, “On UK National Gypsy, Roma and Traveller History Month,” United Nations Independent Expert on Minority Issues, Statement, June 2008, http://www.grthm.co.uk/downloads/statement_from_IEMI.pdf.