[1] Those states are: the Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, France, Ireland, Austria, Poland, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, the United Kingdom.

[2] European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Annual Report, 2008, TK-AG-08-001-EN-C, http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/ar08/ar08_en.pdf, pp. 32-33.

[3] European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Report on Racism and Xenophobia in the Member States of the EU, TK-AK-07-002-EN-C, August 2007, http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/racism/report_racism_0807_en.pdf, p. 118.

[4] Commission nationale consultative des droits de l’homme (CNCDH), La lutte contre le racisme et la xénophobie: rapport d’activité 2007, March 28, 2008, http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/084000167/index.shtml.

[5] Bundesministerium des Innern, Verfassungsschutzbericht 2007, May 15, 2008, http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/download/SHOW/vsbericht_2007.pdf, p. 19.

[6] “Far-Right Attacks Reached New Record in Germany in 2007,” Spiegel Online, March 10, 2008, http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,540550,00.html.

[7] The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Brottsförebyggande rådet-Brå), Hate crime 2007, 2008, http://www.bra.se/extra/measurepoint/?module_instance=4&name=Hatbrott_2007_
webb.pdf&url=/dynamaster/file_archive/080627/
4a35a31f178add58672ff57f0fcdb92c/Hatbrott%255f2007%255fwebb.pdf.

[8] The Ministry of Justice, Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System – 2006/7, July 2008, http://www.justice.gov.uk/docs/stats-race-criminal-justice.pdf.

[9] Wilma Riley, “Rise in race crimes linked to attacks on Poles,” the Scotsman, June 28, 2007, http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/edinburgh/Rise-in-race-crimes-linked.3299508.jp.

[10] “Hardly an asylum seeker haven,” BBC News, March 4, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/6314057.stm.

[11] European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, The Annual Report on the Situation regarding Racism and Xenophobia in the Member States of the EU, EUMC 2006, http://www.ihmisoikeusliitto.fi/AR06-P2-EN.pdf.

[12] Tanja Noponen, Poliisin tietoon tullut rasistinen rikollisuus Suomessa 2006, Police College of Finland, http://www.poliisiammattikorkeakoulu.fi/poliisi/pakk/home.nsf/files/Tiedotteita%2062/$file/Tiedotteita%2062.pdf; and “Racist Crimes Continue to Increase,” YLE, July 31, 2007, http://www.yle.fi/news/left/id66215.html.

[13] “Racist crime rarely leads to conviction in Finland, 175 racist crimes in Helsinki, but only six convictions,” Helsingin Sanomat, April 26, 2007, http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Racist+crime+rarely+leads+to+conviction+in+Finland/
1135226835748.

[14] European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Report on Racism and Xenophobia in the Member States of the EU, TK-AK-07-002-EN-C, August 2007, http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/0321/1206024699003.html.

[16] The Commission releases semiannual reports on racist incidents registered, while noting that data is primarily qualitative in nature and so useful for the identification of key issues requiring attention. The reports are not intended “to provide a comprehensive list of every racist incident in Ireland.” National Consultative Committee on Racism and Interculturalism, Reported Incidents Relating to Racism and strategic response from the NCCRI, Jul-Dec 2007, http://www.nccri.ie/pdf/RacistIncidentsJuly-Dec07.pdf; and Louise Hogan, “Concern at 50pc rise in racist incidents,” Independent.ie, March 21, 2008, http://www.independent.ie/national-news/concern-at-50pc-rise-in-racist-incidents-1324124.html.

[17] European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Report on Racism and Xenophobia in the Member States of the EU, TK-AK-07-002-EN-C, August 2007, http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/racism/report_racism_0807_en.pdf, p. 117.

[18] U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Hate Crime Statistics, 2006, Fall 2007, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2006/incidents.html.

[19] Los Angeles County Commission on Human Relations, 2007 Hate Crime Report, http://humanrelations.co.la.ca.us/hatecrime/data/2007%20Hate%20Crime%20Report.pdf, p. 16.

[20] National Public Radio, “Latino Hate Crimes on the Rise,” All Things Considered, December 23, 2007, http://www.npr.org/templates/player/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=17563862&m=17563847.

[21] Miltos Pavlou, Annual Report 2007: Racism and Discrimination Against Immigrants and Minorities in Greece: The State of Play, Hellenic League for Human Rights and Research Centre for Minority Groups, April 2007, http://deviousdiva.com/wp-content/uploads/hlhr-kemo-ar2007.pdf.

[22] Galina Kozhevnikova, Radical Nationalism and Efforts to Counteract it in 2007, the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, March 14, 2008, http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB4208/AC15D1E.

[23] “August 2008. Monthly summary,” the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, September 1, 2008, http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB41EE/BA3C54A.

[24] Human Rights First correspondence with Comisión Española de Ayuda al Refugiado (CEAR, the Spanish Commission to Aid Refugees), April 1, 2008.

[25] Foundation against Racism and Anti-Semitism (GRA) and the Society for Minorities in Switzerland (GMS), Zusammenfassung: 2007, http://chrono.gra.ch/chron/chron_detail_entry.asp?jahr=2007.

[26] Vyacheslav Likhachev, Ksenofobiya v Ukraine: Materialy Monitoringa 2007-2008, Kyiv, May 2008, p. 12.

[27] European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Annual Report, 2008, TK-AG-08-001-EN-C, http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/ar08/ar08_en.pdf, pp. 32-36.

[28] Galina Kozhevnikova, Radical Nationalism and Efforts to Counteract it in 2007, the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, March 14, 2008, http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB4208/AC15D1E.

[29] Neil Jarman and Jonny Byrne, New Migrants and Belfast: An Overview of the Demographic Context, Social Issues and Trends, Institute for Conflict Research, April 2007, http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/goodrelations/docs/BelfastMigrants.doc.

[30] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Estonian Neo-Nazis Attack French Student,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 7, no. 36, September 21, 2007, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/092107BM.shtml.

[31] German Woman Pushes Angolan Man in Front of Train, Spiegel Online, March 03, 2008, http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,539004,00.html.

[32] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2007: Germany, March 11, 2008, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/index.htm.

[33] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2007: Germany, March 11, 2008, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/index.htm.

[34] “Neo-Nazis attack African man in Viersen”, the Local, May 25, 2008, http://www.thelocal.de/12075/20080525/.

[35] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2007: Germany, March 11, 2008, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/index.htm.

[36] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Two Non-Slavs Attacked in St. Petersburg Metro,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 7, no. 6, February 9, 2007, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/020907BM.shtml, citing the St. Petersburg Times.

[37] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Man Suspected of Stabbing Cameroonian is Arrested,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 7, no. 39, October 12, 2007, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/101207BM.shtml, citing Jewish.Ru.

[38] Amnesty International, The State of the World’s Human Rights 2008: Slovakia, POL 10/001/2008, June 2008, p. 267.

[39] Foundation against Racism and Anti-Semitism (GRA) and the Society for Minorities in Switzerland (GMS), Zusammenfassung: 2007, http://chrono.gra.ch/chron/chron_detail_entry.asp?jahr=2007.

[40] As violent hate crimes are not defined as specific penal code offenses, such crimes are not differentiated in overall statistics on common crimes such as assault or threatening behavior. Criminal justice statistics cover crimes prosecuted under Article 261bis of the Criminal Code, which defines the crime of racial discrimination, but do not cover crimes of violence or direct incitement to violence. Human Rights First, Overview: Hate Crime Report Card: Switzerland, December 2007, /wp-content/uploads/pdf/071217-discrim-hc-report-card-overview-2007.pdf.

[41] Foundation against Racism and Anti-Semitism (GRA), “Rassistische Vorfälle in der Schweiz, Eine Chronologie unde eine Einschätzung,” 2007, http://chrono.gra.ch/chron/chron_detail.asp?jahr=2007&monat=01.

[42] Molly Moore, “Swiss Fury at Foreigners Boiling Over; Grisly Attack on African Underscores Race Issue In a Harsh Campaign,” the Washington Post, October 9, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/08/AR2007100801464_pf.html.

[43] Thomas Martin, “Marlon Moran killing was ‘racist attack,” the Liverpool Echo, November 16, 2007, http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/local-news/2007/11/16/horrific-stab-killing-was-racist-attack-100252-20114898/.

[44] Ben Rossington, “Marlon Moran’s family endure racist threats,” the Liverpool Echo, January 31, 2008, http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/local-news/2008/01/31/marlon-moran-s-family-endure-racist-threats-100252-20417560/.

[45] U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Hate Crime Statistics, 2006, Fall 2007, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2006/incidents.html.

[46] “Far-Right Attacks Reached New Record in Germany in 2007,” Spiegel Online, March 10, 2008, http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,540550,00.html.

[47] National Consultative Committee on Racism and Interculturalism, Reported Incidents Relating to Racism and strategic response from the NCCRI, Jul-Dec 2007, http://www.nccri.ie/pdf/RacistIncidentsJuly-Dec07.pdf.

[48] “‘I was thinking of what happened to those Polish men. Two guys died,’” the Irish Times, March 17, 2008, http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/0317/1205706589191.html.

[49] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Riga Racists Get Suspended Sentences,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 7, no. 22, June 15, 2007, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/061507BM.shtml.

[50] The Council of Europe, European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Third Report on Latvia, CRI(2008)2, February 12, 2008, http://www.coe.int/t/e/human_rights/ecri/1-ECRI/2-Country-by-country_approach/Latvia/Latvia_CBC_3.asp#TopOfPage.

[51] Roberto Lovato, “The Media is the (Anti-Immigrant) Message: Sen. Menendez Calls for Study of Link Between Media and Hate Crimes,” Of América, December 13, 2007, http://ofamerica.wordpress.com/2007/12/13/the-media-is-the-anti-immigrant-message-sen-menedez-calls-for-study-of-link-between-media-and-hate-crimes.

[52] National Public Radio, “Latino Hate Crimes on the Rise,” All Things Considered, December 23, 2007, http://www.npr.org/templates/player/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=17563862&m=17563847.

[53] Brentin Mock, “Immigration Backlash: Violence Engulfs Latinos,” the Southern Poverty Law Center, Intelligence Project, October 2007, http://www.splcenter.org/intel/news/item.jsp?site_area=1&aid=292.

[54] Amy Jackson, “New Numbers: Hate Crimes Against Latinos Have Jumped in San Diego,” KPBS News, November 21, 2007, http://www.kpbs.org/news/local;id=10274.

[55] California Department of Justice, Division of California Justice Information Services, Bureau of Criminal Information and Analysis, Hate Crime in California, 2007, July 2008, http://ag.ca.gov/cjsc/publications/hatecrimes/hc07/preface07.pdf#xml=http://search.doj.ca.gov:8004/AGSearch/isysquery/30a29bbd-7222-4850-9b65-6fc40b818567/4/hilite/.

[56] Brentin Mock, “Immigration Backlash: Violence Engulfs Latinos,” the Southern Poverty Law Center, Intelligence Project, October 2007, http://www.splcenter.org/intel/news/item.jsp?site_area=1&aid=292.

[57] Katie Fairbank and Michael J. Mooney, “Teen’s suicide puzzles friends,” the Dallas Morning News, July 8, 2007, http://www.khou.com/news/local/stories/khou070708_tnt_ritchesonsuicide.55ce8813.html.

[58] “Three Youths Charged with Racist Attack,” Prague Daily Monitor, January 14, 2008, http://www.praguemonitor.com/en/250/czech_national_news/17037/.

[59] “Dark-skinned girl hurt in racially motivated attack in Slovakia,” Romea.cz, November 23, 2007, http://www.romea.cz/english/index.php?id=detail&detail=2007_646.

[60] “Second man dies after Drimnagh attack,” the Irish Times, February 28, 2008, http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/0228/breaking6.html.

[61] “Family ‘will never know’ if attack on Pole racially driven,” the Irish Times, February 29, 2008, http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/frontpage/2008/0229/1204240264139.html.

[62] “Polish attack victim is out of intensive care,” the Scotsman, March 8, 2007, http://news.scotsman.com/polesinscotland/Polish-attack-victim-is-out.3352650.jp.

[63] Wilma Riley, “Rise in race crimes linked to attacks on Poles,” the Scotsman, June 28, 2007, http://news.scotsman.com/tacklingracisminscotland/Rise-in-race-crimes-linked.3299508.jp.

[64] “Life in jail for brutal Wrexham carving knife murder,” the Daily Post, December 5, 2007, http://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/2007/12/05/life-in-jail-for-brutal-carving-knife-murder-55578-20203572/.

[65] Wilma Riley, “Rise in race crimes linked to attacks on Poles,” the Scotsman, June 28, 2007, http://news.scotsman.com/tacklingracisminscotland/Rise-in-race-crimes-linked.3299508.jp.

[66] “Attacks on the rise against Poles in UK,” Thenews.pl, May 20, 2008, http://www.polskieradio.pl/thenews/foreign-affairs/?id=82896.

[67] “Hate crimes prompt official visit,” BBC News, February 2, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/6323299.stm.

[68] “PSNI to launch awareness campaign on hate crimes,” the Belfast Telegraph, April 21, 2008, http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/breaking-news/ireland/article3628380.ece.

[69] “Captain Serwiak’s Polish-ed performance,” the Belfast Telegraph, June 29, 2007, http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/features/daily-features/article2720805.ece.

[70] “Committee Against Racist Attack,” North Antrim Local Interest List Blog, May 15, 2008, http://nalil.blogspot.com/2008/05/community-against-racist-attack.html.

[71] The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland, “Hendron condemns Cregagh Road racist attack,” June 13, 2008, http://www.allianceparty.org/news/003835/hendron_condemns_cregagh_road_racist_attack.html.

[72] Neil Jarman and Jonny Byrne, New Migrants and Belfast: An Overview of the Demographic Context, Social Issues and Trends, Institute for Conflict Research, April 2007, http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/goodrelations/docs/BelfastMigrants.doc.

[73] European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Report on Racism and Xenophobia in the Member States of the EU, TK-AK-07-002-EN-C, August 2007, http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/racism/report_racism_0807_en.pdf.

[74] “Brutal Attack in Rome: Italy Cracks Down on Immigrant Crime Wave,” Spiegel Online, November 2, 2007, http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,515008,00.html.

[75] “Sicurezza, Veltroni contro la Romania Per le espulsioni varato un decreto legge,” la Repubblica, October 31, 2007, http://www.repubblica.it/2007/10/sezioni/cronaca/tor-di-quinto/reazioni-uccisa/reazioni-uccisa.html.

[76] John Hooper, “Violence as Italy expels migrants,” the Observer, November 4, 2007, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/nov/04/italy.johnhooper.

[77] Richard Owen, “Mob of Nazi youths goes on immigrant rampage in ‘tolerant’ Rome,” Times Online, May 26, 2008, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4004200.ece.

[78] “State Governor Wants Crackdown on ‘Criminal Young Foreigners,’” Spiegel Online, December 29, 2007, http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,525734,00.html.

[79] David Crossland, “Xenophobia at the Heart of German Politics,” Spiegel Online, January 2, 2008, http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,526236,00.html.

[80] “More Racist Attacks Reported Across Germany: With every attack, banning the far-right NPD rises further up the German agenda,” Deutsche Welle, August 27, 2007, http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2754348,00.html.

[81] Kate Connolly, “Jewish leader sounds alarm after racist attack,” the Guardian, August 23, 2007, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/aug/23/germany.thefarright.

[82] Roger Boyes, “Neo-Nazi rampage triggers alarm in Berlin,” Times Online, August 20, 2007, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2295519.ece.

[83] “Man Gets Fined for Racist Attack on Indians in Germany,” Deutsche Welle, November 26, 2007, http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2973186,00.html.

[84] “Sentence in Racist Attack Slammed for Leniency,” Spiegel Online, November 27, 2007, http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,519973,00.html.

[85] David Gordon Smith, “Zero Tolerance for ‘Everyday Racism,’” Spiegel Online, August 21, 2007, http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,501049,00.html.

[86] “More Racist Attacks Reported Across Germany: With every attack, banning the far-right NPD rises further up the German agenda,” Deutsche Welle, August 27, 2007, http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2754348,00.html.

[87] DPA News, “Three Germans Given Suspended Terms: Racist Attack on African Men,” Internet Centre Anti Racism Europe, May 30, 2008, http://www.icare.to/news.php?en#THREE%20GERMANS%20GIVEN%20SUSPENDED%20TERMS:%20RACIST%20ATTACK%20ON%20AFRICAN%20ME.

[88] “More Racist Attacks Reported Across Germany: With every attack, banning the far-right NPD rises further up the German agenda,” Deutsche Welle, August 27, 2007, http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2754348,00.html.

[89] “Attack on Indians Rekindles Racism Debate in Germany,” Deutsche Welle, August 22, 2007, http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2747458,00.html.

[90] Open Society Justice Initiative and Greek Helsinki Monitor, “Greece: Rights groups denounce Greek prosecutor’s racist statement,” Open Society Institute, February 5, 2008, http://www.justiceinitiative.org/db/resource2?res_id=104034.

[91] Associated Press, “Rights Activists Say Greek Neo-Nazis Increasing Attacks on Migrants”, the International Herald Tribune, December 5, 2007, http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/05/europe/EU-GEN-Greece-Racist-Attack.php?WT.mc_id=rssap_news.

[92] Kathy Tzilivakis, “2007: A year of immigration reform,” Athens News, December 28, 2007, http://www.athensnews.gr/athweb/nathens.print_unique?e=C&f=13267&m=A12&aa=1&eidos=S.

[93] “All quiet on Rendi (except for some Pakistani),” Abravanel, May 22, 2008, http://abravanel.wordpress.com/2008/05/22/all-quiet-on-rendi-except-for-some-pakistani/.

[94] Miltos Pavlou, Annual Report 2007: Racism and Discrimination Against Immigrants and Minorities in Greece: The State of Play, Hellenic League for Human Rights and KEMO (Research Centre for Minority Groups), http://deviousdiva.com/wp-content/uploads/hlhr-kemo-ar2007.pdf.

[95] “People’s Party accused of ‘racist’ campaign,” SwissInfo, August 30, 2007, http://www.humanrights.ch/home/en/Switzerland/Policy/Racism/Incidents/idart_5363-content.html.

[96] Commission fédérale contre le racisme, Les étrangers et les minorités ethniques au sein de la campagne électorale-Analyse de la cou-verture médiatique lors des élections fédérales de 2007, CFR, http://www.ekr-cfr.ch/ekr/dokumentation/00111/00245/index.html?lang=fr&PHPSESSID=0f8384403e65e48a2e798019352af444.

[97] “Election run-up made stereotypes of foreigners,” SwissInfo, December 18, 2007, http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/search/Result.html?siteSect=882&ty=st&sid=8546951.

[98] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2007: Germany, March 11, 2008, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/index.htm.

[99] Sven Goll, “Young asylum seeker shot in his bed,” Aftenposten, July 18, 2008, http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2548303.ece.

[100] Associated Press, “Group Armed With Bats, Iron Bars Attacks Norway Center for Political Asylum-Seekers,” Fox News, July 25, 2008, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,391161,00.html.

[101] Human Rights First correspondence with Comisión Española de Ayuda al Refugiado (CEAR, the Spanish Commission to Aid Refugees), April 1, 2008.

[102] Foundation against Racism and Anti-Semitism (GRA), “Rassistische Vorfälle in der Schweiz, Eine Chronologie unde eine Einschätzung,” 2007, http://chrono.gra.ch/chron/chron_detail.asp?jahr=2007&monat=01.

[103] Commission fédérale contre le racisme, “Incendie d’une synagogue, coups de feu contre un centre de requérants d’asile et norme pénale contre le racisme,” Press Release, June 4, 2007, http://www.ekr-cfr.ch/ekr/themen/00104/00656/index.html?lang=fr.

[104] The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, “Ukraine: UNHCR condemns murder of Nigerian,” Press Briefing, June 3, 2008, http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/484563402.html.

[105] The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, “Ukraine: UNHCR concerned by rise in attacks on asylum seekers, refugees,” Press Briefing, June 8, 2007, http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/4669266f2.html.

[106] The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, “UNHCR concerned over the murder of an asylum seeker in Ukraine,” Press Briefing, February 1, 2008, http://www.un.org.ua/en/news/2008-02-01/.

[107] Richard Elias, “Incidents of Racism Rise by One-Fifth,” the Scotsman, January 20, 2008, http://news.scotsman.com/tacklingracisminscotland/Incidents-of-racism-rise-by.3691602.jp.

[108] Stephen Stewart, “Asylum seekers targeted by gangs”, BBC News, March 2, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/6292747.stm.

[109] The 2007 Retrospective Project, “15-year-old Christopher Ikolo seriously injured in racist attack,” http://www.2007retrospective.org/september/christopher_ikolo_seriously_injured_in_racist_attack.htm.

[110] Neil Mackay, “Talented teenage immigrant stabbed in racist attack,” the Sunday Herald, September 30, 2007, http://www.sundayherald.com/news/heraldnews/display.var.1724307.0.talented_teenage_immigrant_stabbed_in_racist_attack.php.

[111] Arifa Akbar, “Tribute to ‘modern Muslim’ murdered at home,” the Independent, March 31, 2007, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/tribute-to-modern-muslim-murdered-at-home-442557.html.

[112] Jason Collie, “Man charged with murdering Enayit, Oxford Mail, May 18, 2008, http://www.oxfordmail.net/search/display.var.2279653.0.update_man_charged_with_murdering_enayit.php.