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End Notes

[1] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Armenia, September 14, 2007, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90162.htm.

[2] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Azerbaijan, September 14, 2007, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90164.htm.

[3] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Pastor’s Son Beaten for Not Participating in Orthodox Prayer,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 7, no. 35, September 14, 2007, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/091407BM.shtml, citing Slavic Law and Justice Center.

[4] Press Trust of India, “Hate crime: teenager escapes jail term,” the Hindu, June 8, 2008, http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/08/stories/2008060855200900.htm.

[5] Press Trust of India, “Sikh group seeks strict measures to curb hate crime in US,” the Hindu, June 7, 2008, http://www.hinduonnet.com/holnus/001200806071102.htm.

[6] Jonathan Milne, “Anglican priest, Canon Michael Ainsworth, beaten up in ‘faith hate’ incident,” the Sunday Times, March 15, 2008, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article3558715.ece.

[7] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, International Religious Freedom Report 2007: France, September 14, 2007, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90175.htm.

[8] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Greece, September 14, 2007, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90178.htm.

[9] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Arsonist Targets Jehovah’s Witness Building,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 7, no. 6, February 9, 2007, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/020907BM.shtml, citing RIA Novosti.

[10] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Protestant Church in Moscow Torched,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 7, no. 13, March 30, 2007, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/033007BM.shtml.

[11] Interfax, “Na Kubani sovershen podzhog katolicheskoj chasovni,” Interfax-Religion, December 24, 2007, http://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=news&div=22067.

[12] “Militsiya goroda Chehova Moskovskoi Oblasti otkazyvaet obschine Svidetelej Iegovy v rassledovanii prichin pozhara v Zale Tsarstv,” Portal Credo.Ru, August 13, 2008, http://portal-credo.ru/site/?act=news&id=64740&cf=/.

[13] “Vandalized Adventist Church Building Upsets Serbian President,” Adventist News, January 2007, http://www.adventistreview.org/article.php?id=986.

[14] The Anti-Defamation League, “ADL Applauds Arrests in Virginia Church Vandalism Cases,” Press Release, April 6, 2007, http://www.adl.org/PresRele/DiRaB_41/5020_41.htm.

[15] The Coordinating Forum for Countering Antisemitism, “Desecration of the Cemetery in Yekaterinburg,” March 21, 2007, http://www.antisemitism.org.il/eng/events/23682/Russia%E2%80%93_Desecration_of_the_Cemetery_in_Yekaterinburg.

[16] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Vandals Daub Swastikas on Armenian Gravestones,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 7, no. 21, May 25, 2007, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/052507BM.shtml.

[17] Kosovo unilaterally declared independence in February 2008 and gained recognition by at least 40 governments; see the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244.

[18] “Kosovo Serbs remember their dead in desecrated cemeteries,” B92, March 2, 2008, http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society-article.php?yyyy=2008&mm=03&dd=02&nav_id=48099.

[19] Human Rights First correspondence with the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights; draft of Hate Crimes in the OSCE Region—Incidents and Responses: Annual Report for 2007, May 2008.

[20] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Governor Charges Missionaries with Spying,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 7, no. 33, August 31, 2007, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/083107BM.shtml, citing Novotulskiy Metallurg.

[21] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2007: Serbia, March 11, 2008, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100583.htm.

[22] European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance, Report on Serbia, CRI(2008)25, April 29, 2008, http://www.coe.int/t/e/human_rights/ecri/1-ecri/2-country-by-country_approach/serbia/Serbia_CBC_3.asp.

[23] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Armenia, September 14, 2007, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90162.htm.

[24] European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance, Report on Serbia, CRI(2008)25, April 29, 2008, http://www.coe.int/t/e/human_rights/ecri/1-ecri/2-country-by-country_approach/serbia/Serbia_CBC_3.asp.

[25] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Kyrgyz Republic, September 14, 2007, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90230.htm.

[26] Mushfig Bayram, “Kyrgyzstan: Mob, police and administration chief obstruct Christian boy’s burial,” Forum 18, June 2, 2008, http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1138.

[27] Mushfig Bayram, “Kyrgyzstan: Where Can the Dead be Buried,” Forum 18, July 10, 2008, http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1156.

[28] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Russia, September 14, 2007, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90196.htm.

[29] Galina Kozhevnikova, Radical Nationalism and Efforts to Counteract it in 2007, the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, March 14, 2008, http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB4208/AC15D1E.

[30] Alexander Verkhovsky and Olga Sibireva, Restriction and Challenges in 2007 on Freedom of Conscience in Russia, the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, March 27, 2008, http://religion.sova-center.ru/publications/194EF5E/AD31F17.

[31] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Ultranationalists Storm Mormon Headquarters,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 7, no. 6, February 9, 2007, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/020907BM.shtml.

[32] Galina Kozhevnikova, Radical Nationalism and Efforts to Counteract it in 2007, the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, March 14, 2008, http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB4208/AC15D1E.

[33] Alexander Verkhovsky and Olga Sibireva, Restriction and Challenges in 2007 on Freedom of Conscience in Russia, the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, March 27, 2008, http://religion.sova-center.ru/publications/194EF5E/AD31F17.

[34] Alexander Verkhovsky and Olga Sibireva, Restriction and Challenges in 2007 on Freedom of Conscience in Russia, the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, March 27, 2008, http://religion.sova-center.ru/publications/194EF5E/AD31F17.

[35] Interfax, “Catholic chapel set on fire on Kuban,” Interfax-Religion, November 27, 2007, http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=4104; and Interfax, “Church rector’s house set on fire for the fourth time,” Interfax-Religion, August 28, 2008.

[36] Alexander Verkhovsky and Olga Sibireva, Restriction and Challenges in 2007 on Freedom of Conscience in Russia, the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, March 27, 2008, http://religion.sova-center.ru/publications/194EF5E/AD31F17.

[37] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Church Arsonist Convicted,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 7, no. 9, March 2, 2007, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/030207BM.shtml, citing the SOVA Center.

[38] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Serbia, September 14, 2007, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90198.htm.

[39] Drasko Djenovic, “Serbia: Violence continues against religious communities,” Forum 18, October 9, 2007, http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1030.

[40] Amnesty International, The State of the World’s Human Rights 2008: Serbia, http://thereport.amnesty.org/eng/regions/europe-and-central-asia/serbia.

[41] Drasko Djenovic, “Serbia: Violence continues against religious communities,” Forum 18, October 9, 2007, http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1030.

[42] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2007: Serbia, March 11, 2008, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100583.htm.

[43] Kosovo unilaterally declared independence in February 2008 and gained recognition by many European states; see the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244.

[44] Human Rights First correspondence with the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights; draft of Hate Crimes in the OSCE Region—Incidents and Responses: Annual Report for 2007, May 2008.

[45] Amnesty International, The State of the World’s Human Rights 2008: Serbia, http://thereport.amnesty.org/eng/regions/europe-and-central-asia/serbia.

[46] “Kosovo attacks not ethnically motivated,” B92, August 10, 2007, http://www.b92.net/eng/news/crimes-article.php?yyyy=2007&mm=08&dd=10&nav_id=42940 , citing Tanjug.

[47] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Serbia, September 14, 2007, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90198.htm.

[48] U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom, Annual Report 2008, May 2008, http://www.uscirf.gov/images/AR2008/annual%20report%202008-final%20edition.pdf, p. 277.

[49] Izgi Güngör, “Police attack overshadows discrimination, say locals in Keçiören,” Turkish Daily News, August 30, 2008, http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=114072.

[50] “Top court upholds priest killer’s sentence,” Turkish Daily News, October 5, 2007, http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=85195.

[51] Güzide Ceyhan, “Turkey: What causes intolerance and violence,” Forum 18, November 29, 2007, available at http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1053 (accessed June 7, 2008); and “Turkey Jails Four Street Evangelists,” Compass Direct News, April 27, 2007, citing Milliyet.

[52] Michael Gerson, “A Different Path in Turkey,” The Washignton Post, June 8, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/07/AR2007060701867.html.

[53] “Top court upholds priest killer’s sentence,” Turkish Daily News, October 5, 2007, http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=85195.

[54] “Turkey: Lawyers Demand Removal of Malatya Judges,” Compass Direct News, February 28, 2008, http://www.compassdirect.org/en/display.php?idelement=5262&lang=en&length=long&page=news.

[55] Damaris Kremida, “Mixed feelings at Malatya massacre memorial,” Turkish Daily News, April 22, 2007, http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102448.

[56] Güzide Ceyhan, “Turkey: One year after Malatya murders, time to address the causes,” Forum 18, April 15, 2008, http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1115.

[57] “Turkish Christian Priest Abducted,” BBC News, November 29, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7118475.stm.

[58] “Turkey: Judge Releases Minor who Threatened Pastor,” Compass Direct News, January 8, 2008, http://www.compassdirect.org/en/display.php?page=news&idelement=5184&lang=en&length=short&backpage=index&critere=&countryname=&rowcur=225.

[59] “Turkey and its Christians: The cross and the crescent,” the Economist, December 19, 2007, http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10337900.

[60] “Turkey: Armed Men Threaten Church,” Compass Direct News, May 7, 2008, http://www.compassdirect.org/en/display.php?page=news&idelement=5367&lang=en&length=short&backpage=index&critere=&countryname=&rowcur=225.

[61] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Armenian Church Vandalized,” the Bigotry Monitor, Vol. 7, No. 17, 27 April 2007, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/042707BM.shtml.

[62] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2007: Ukraine, March 11, 2008, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100590.htm.

[63] “Satanists Vandalized Cemetery in Mariupol,” Religious Information Service of Ukraine, October 15, 2007, http://www.risu.org.ua/eng/news/article;18341/.

[64] Mushfig Bayram, “Uzbekistan: More State Media Incitement of Intolerance,” Forum 18, May 23, 2008,

http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1133.

[65] Felix Corley, “Uzbekistan: Protestants Reject Government’s Religious Hatred Encouragement,” Forum 18, June 25, 2008, http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1148.

[66] Felix Corley, “Uzbekistan: Prime-time state TV incites intolerance of religious minorities and religious freedom,” Forum 18, December 19, 2006, http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=890.

[67] Felix Corley, “Uzbekistan: Protestants Face Prosecution, Fines, Raids, Kidnapping and Death Threats,” Forum 18, April 20, 2007, http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=945.

[68] Human Rights Watch, From House to House: Abuses by Mahalla Committees, September 23, 2003, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/uzbekistan0903/.

[69] Felix Corley, “Uzbekistan: Church Closes Because of Official Pressure,” Forum 18, June 19, 2007, http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=976.