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End Notes

[1] Galina Kozhevnikova, Radical Nationalism and Efforts to Counteract it in 2007, the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, March 14, 2008, http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB4208/AC15D1E.

[2] “August 2008. Monthly summary,” the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, September 1, 2008, http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB41EE/BA3C54A.

[3] European Roma Rights Centre, In Search of Happy Gypsies: Persecution of Pariah Minorities in Russia, May 2005, http://www.errc.org/db/01/4A/m0000014A.pdf.

[4] Levada-Center, “Natsionalism i ksenophobiya,” Press Release, August 29, 2007, http://www.levada.ru/press/2007082901.html.

[5] “Natsizm v Peterburge—s molodym litsom,” Fontanka.Ru, May 19, 2008, http://www.fontanka.ru/2008/05/19/035.

[6] “V Moskve ubity dvorniki iz Uzbekistana,” Gazeta.Ru, May 7, 2008, http://www.gazeta.ru/news/social/2008/05/07/n_1215923.shtml.

[7] “3 immigrants killed in Russia as ethnic violence continues,” the Los Angles Times, May 1, 2008, http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-russhate1-2008may01,0,5401755.story.

[8] “V Sverdlovskoj oblasti ubili muzhchinu, poschitav ego geem,” GayNews.Ru, March 28, 2008, http://www.gaynews.ru/news/article.php?ID=3517&r1=rss&r2=yandex.

[9] “Podrobnosti napadeniya na studenta iz Gany,” Fontanka.Ru, March 3, 2008, http://www.fontanka.ru/2008/03/13/067/; “Natsistov po trupam schitajut,” Fontanka.ru, April 14, 2008, http://www.fontanka.ru/2008/04/14/014/.

[10] “A Series of Neo-nazi Attacks in Moscow,” the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, October 22, 2007, http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB41EE/A047BFA.

[11] “Uchastniki natsionalisticheskogo sorevnovaniya,” Vremya Novostej, November 9, 2007, http://www.vremya.ru/2007/205/46/191644.html.

[12] Moscow Prosecutor’s Office, “Prokuraturoj goroda Moskvy napravleny v Moskovskij gorodskoj sud s utverzhdennymi obvinitel’nymi zaklyucheniyami dva ugolovnyh dela o prestupleniyah, sovershennyh organizovannoi gruppoi, iz huliganskih pobuzhdenij, po motivam natsional’noj i rasovoj nenavisti i vrazhdy,” Press Release, July 1, 2008, http://www.mosproc.ru/novosti/novosti-prosmotr/article/-7f2712e8cc/?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=4&cHash=ee2e8fedea.

[13] “Son of Iranian Diplomat Killed in Moscow,” the Moscow News, September 20, 2007, http://www.mnweekly.ru/news/20070920/55277412.html.

[14] Saint Petersburg Prosecutor’s Office, “SU soobschaet: po ugolovnym delam, vyzvavshim bol’shoj obshestvennyj rezonans, zaderzhana gruppa molodyh lyudej,” Press Release, December 17, 2007, http://www.prokuratura.sp.ru/print.html?/news/2007/12/17/6.

[15] “Investigation of the Neo-Nazi Video with a Murder,” the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, June 1, 2008, http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB41EE/B3E526E.

[16] “Korejtsa mogli ubit’ iz-za deneg. Esli by ne svastika na stekle,” Fontanka.Ru, July 31, 2007, http://www.fontanka.ru/2007/07/31/068.

[17] “Young Russian nationalist confesses to killing 37,” RIA Novosti, May 28, 2007, http://en.rian.ru/society/20070528/66198249.html.

[18] “Zaversheno rassledovanie ugolovnogo dela o serii natsionalisticheskih napadenij i ubijstv v Moskve,” the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, May 16, 2008, http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A2A1E/B15598B.

[19] Moscow Prosecutor’s Office, “Prokuraturoj goroda Moskvy napravleny v Moskovskij gorodskoj sud s utverzhdennymi obvinitel’nymi zaklyucheniyami dva ugolovnyh dela o prestupleniyah, sovershennyh organizovannoj gruppoj, iz huliganskih pobuzhdenij, po motivam natsional’noj i rasovoj nenavisti i vrazhdy,” Press Release, July 1, 2008, http://www.mosproc.ru/novosti/novosti-prosmotr/article/-7f2712e8cc/?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=4&cHash=ee2e8fedea.

[20] “V Samare ubivayut turok. No vlastyam sejchas ne do togo,” Radio Svoboda News, February 25, 2007, http://www.svobodanews.ru/Article/2007/02/25/20070225092827743.html.

[21] “V Moskve skinhedy ubili eshe odnogo azerbajdzhantsa,” Azeri Press Agency, January 13, 2007, http://ru.apa.az/news.php?id=23617.

[22] “V Moskve izbit sotrudnik posol’stva Omana,” Rosbalt, April 14, 2008, http://www.rosbalt.ru/2008/04/14/474528.html.

[23] “Tri podrostka iz Azerbajdzhana izbity v Moskve,” Kavkazskij Uzel, April 6, 2008, http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/newstext/news/id/1211401.html.

[24] Sergei Burianov, Ksenofobiya, neterpimost’ i diskriminatsiya po motivam religii ili ubezhdenij v subjectah Rossijskoj Federatsii, Moscow: Moscow Helsinki Group, 2007, p. 78.

[25] Ivanovo Prosecutor’s Office, “Vynesen obvinitel’nyj prigovor po faktu huliganskih dejstvij i unizheniya dostoinstva gruppy lits po natsional’nomu priznaku, sovershennyh v otnoshenii predsedatelya Ivanovskoj evreiskoj obshiny i inostrannyh grazhdan, pribyvshih po priglasheniyu Glavnogo ravvina RF,” Press Release, March 4, 2008, http://www.prokuratura.ivanovo.ru/newsarch/2008/03/04/2008030403.htm.

[26] Sergei Burianov, Ksenofobiya, neterpimost’ i diskriminatsiya po motivam religii ili ubezhdenij v subjectah Rossijskoj Federatsii, Moscow: Moscow Helsinki Group, 2007, p. 78.

[27] “Zamechanie zametili,” Kasparov.Ru, May 3, 2007, http://www.kasparov.ru/material.php?id=463A23B303E76.

[28] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Malaysian Students Attacked in Nizhny Novgorod,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 7, no. 2, January 12, 2007, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/011207BM.shtml.

[29] “Ataka virtual’nyh horugvenostsev,” Gazeta.Ru, June 2, 2007, http://www.gazeta.ru/social/2008/06/02/2741759.shtml.

[30] “The Neo-Nazi groups threaten State and Public Officials,” the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, April 30, 2008, http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB41EE/AFFE0C7.

[31] “Activist Killed as Nazis Attack Anti-Nuclear Camp in Siberia,” Indymedia UK, July 24, 2007, http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2007/07/376699.html.

[32] “Spor ekologov i detej,” Lenta.Ru, July 30, 2007, http://lenta.ru/articles/2007/07/30/angarsk/.

[33] “Expert on Hate Groups Attacked in St. Petersburg,” JTA, June 21, 2007, http://www.jta.org/cgi-bin/iowa/breaking/102597.html.

[34] Doug Ireland, “Moscow Pride Banned Again,” Gay City News, May 17, 2007 http://gaycitynews.com/site/index.cfm?newsid=18352281&BRD=2729&PAG=461&dept_id=568864&rfi=8.

[35] Human Rights Watch and the International Lesbian and Gay Association, We Have the Upper Hand: Freedom of assembly in Russia and the human rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people, June 2007, http://www.ilga-europe.org/europe/guide/country_by_country/russia/report_on_moscow_pride_2007_in_english.

[36] Interfax, “V Nizhnem Novgorode oskvernena mogila izvestnogo ravvina,” Interfax-Religion, May 14, 2008, http://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=news&div=24432.

[37] “Svastiki na sinagoge vo Vladivostoke,” the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, April 5, 2008, http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A29F2/AF45D71.

[38] “Vo Vladimire soversheno desyatoe po schetu napadenie na mechet,” Islam.Ru, February 4, 2008, http://www.islam.ru/rus/2008-02-04/#19571.

[39] “Subbotnij pogrom,” Mediakratia, November 28, 2007, http://mediacratia.ru/owa/mc/mc_publications.html?a_id=20081.

[40] “Shabash v Kotlase,” Kurjer Belomorjya, September 18, 2007, http://www.province.ru/newspapers/gazeta/42/38(133)/676947.html.

[41] “Skinhedy atakovali evrejskuyu shkolu v Bryanske,” Nash Bryansk.Ru, December 14, 2007, http://www.news.nashbryansk.ru/2007/12/14/hot-day/skeenheads-oravner/.

[42] “Za napadenie na evrejskuyu shkolu bryanskim skinhedam pred’yavyat obvineniya v vandalizme,” Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia, June 3, 2008, http://www.jewish.ru/news/cis/2008/06/news994263364.php.

[43] “Razbojnoe napadenie soversheno na pravoslavnyi kul’turno-prosvetitel’skij tsentr v Istrinskom rajone Moskovskoj oblasti,” Portal Credo.Ru, August 30, 2007, http://portal-credo.ru/site/print.php?act=news&id=56487.

[44] “Dusha ne bolit,” Molodezh’ Tatarstana, September 14, 2007, http://moltat.ru/main/lomat-ne-stroit.

[45] Sergei Burianov, Ksenofobiya, neterpimost’ i diskriminatsiya po motivam religii ili ubezhdenij v subjectah Rossijskoj Federatsii, Moscow: Moscow Helsinki Group, 2007, p. 83.

[46] “Petrozavodsk Jewish Cemetery Vandalized,” the Yeshiva World, June 19, 2007, http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/article.php?p=7927.

[47] “Vandalism at Petrozavodsk Jewish Cemetery,” The Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS, August 19, 2004, http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=162280&did=83902&scope=3653&origMedia=80392&media=80392&start=10&NewsType=80052.

[48] Sergei Burianov, Ksenofobiya, neterpimost’ i diskriminatsiya po motivam religii ili ubezhdenij v subjectah Rossijskoj Federatsii, Moscow: Moscow Helsinki Group, 2007, p. 84.

[49] Sergei Burianov, Ksenofobiya, neterpimost’ i diskriminatsiya po motivam religii ili ubezhdenij v subjectah Rossijskoj Federatsii, Moscow: Moscow Helsinki Group, 2007, p. 78.

[50] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Protestant Church in Moscow Torched,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 7, no. 13, March 30, 2007, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/033007BM.shtml.

[51] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Arsonist Targets Jehovah’s Witness Building,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 7, no. 6, February 9, 2007, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/020907BM.shtml, citing RIA Novosti.

[52] “Medvedev rasskazal o svoih raskhozhdeniah s SShA, bezopastnosti v Evrope, i oshibke svoej yunosti,” NEWSru.com, June 12, 2008, http://www.newsru.com/russia/11jun2008/usa_med.html.

[53] Dmitry Medvedev, “Kontseptsiya vneshnej politiki Rossisskoj Federatsii,” Official Statement, the Office of the President of the Russian Federation, July 12, 2008, http://kremlin.ru/text/docs/2008/07/204108.shtml.

[54] The Office of the President of the Russian Federation, “Nachalo vstrechi glav gosudarstv—uchastnikov Sodruzhestva Nezavisimyh Gosudarstv,” Press-Release, February 22, 2008, http://www.kremlin.ru/text/appears/2008/02/160741.shtml.

[55] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Kyrgyz Embassy in Moscow Protests Attacks on Foreigners,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 8, no. 6, February 8, 2008, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/020808BM.shtml, citing the Moscow Times.

[56] Dmitry Medvedev, “Vstupitel’noe slovo na vstreche s chlenami Soveta po sodejstviyu razvitiyu institutov grazhdanskogo obshestva i pravam cheloveka,” Offical Statement, the Office of the President of the Russian Federation, January 11, 2007, http://www.kremlin.ru/text/appears/2007/01/116584.shtml.

[57] “Valentina Matvienko poprosila peterburgskih chinovnikov ‘vnedryat’sya’ v ekstremistskie gruppirovki,” IA Regnum, January 15, 2008, http://www.regnum.ru/news/942396.html.

[58] “Luzhkov predlozhil uzhestochit’ nakazanie za proyavleniya ksenofobii,” NEWSru.com, April 16, 2008, http://moscow.newsru.com/article/16apr2008/luz_extremizm.

[59] Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, “Newspaper Says Moscow Police Randomly Fingerprint Young Men,” RFE/RL Newsline, vol. 12, no. 39, February 27, 2008, http://rfe.rferl.org/newsline/2008/02/1-RUS/rus-270208.asp, citing Vremya Novostej.

[60] “Putin: Pora razobrat’sya s inostrantsami na rynkah,” Grani.Ru, October 5, 2006, http://grani.ru/Society/Xenophobia/m.112434.html.

[61] “Gubernator Matvienko ne v kurse togo, chto proiskhodit v Peterburge,” the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, August 19, 2008, http://xeno.sova-center.ru/45A2A1E/B928354.

[62] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Moscow’s Chief Prosecutor Plays Down Extremism Threat,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 8, no. 13, March 28, 2008, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/032108Russ2.shtml.

[63] The Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Sostoyanie prestupnosti v Rossiiskoi Federatsii za yanvar’-dekabr’ 2007 goda, http://www.mvd.ru/files/u281KzbmtHplrXo.pdf.

[64] The Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Obshchie svedeniya o sostoyanii prestupnosti—2006, http://www.mvdrf.ru/files/oX0.HjeEnTMwA9d.pdf; and Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Obshchie svedeniya o sostoyanie prestupnosti—2005, http://www.mvdrf.ru/files/4001.pdf.

[65] The penalties for common crimes as defined in articles 105 (murder), 111 (deliberate infliction of grievous bodily harm), 112 (deliberate infliction of moderate bodily harm), 115 (deliberate infliction of mild bodily harm), 116 (assault), 117 (torture), 119 (threatening murder or the infliction of serious bodily harm), 150 (involving a minor in the commission of a crime), 213 (hooliganism), 214 (vandalism), 244 (desecration) can be enhanced when the acts are bias-motivated.

[66] Also included as crimes “of an extremist nature” are those qualified under the following articles of the criminal code: article 136 (violation of the equality of rights and freedoms of citizens by virtue of their sex, race, nationality, language, origins, social or official status, place of residence, relationship to religion, convictions, relationship to public organizations or to some other social groups), article 141 (interference in the carrying out of electoral rights or in the work of electoral commissions), article 149 (interference in the conducting of gatherings, public meetings, demonstrations, marches, pickets or participation in them), article 208 (organization of an illegal armed formation or participation in one), article 212 (mass disorder), article 239 (organization of associations infringing upon the individual or the rights of citizens), article 277 (attempt on the life of a state or public figure), article 278 (violent overthrow of the government or violently holding onto power), article 280 (public calls for the carrying out of extremist activity), article 282 (incitement to hatred), article 282-1 (creation of an extremist society), article 282-2 (organization of the activity of an extremist organization).

[67] “V Nizhegorodskoj oblasti v 2007 godu soversheno 13 prestuplenij v otnoshenii inostrannyh studentov,” NTA-Privolzh’e, June 15, 2007, http://www.nta-nn.ru/news/item/?ID=113596.

[68] “Prokuratura ob extremizme na Dalnem Vostoke i v Sverdlovskoj oblasti,” the Sova Center for Information and Analysis, July 19, 2007, http://www.xeno.sova-center.ru/45A2A1E/9873990.

[69] These include article 105 (Murder), article 111 (Deliberate infliction of grievous bodily harm), article 112 (Deliberate infliction of moderate bodily harm), article 117 (Torture), article 214 (Vandalism), article 244 (Desecration). Article 214 had already been amended in May 2007.

[70] These include article 115 (Deliberate infliction of mild bodily harm), article 116 (Assault), article 119 (Threatening murder or the infliction of serious bodily harm), article 150 (Involving a minor in the commission of a crime), article 213 (Hooliganism).

[71] “Antiekstremistkie popravki prinyati v tret’em chtenii: Kratkij komemtarij,” the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, July 6, 2007, http://xeno.sova-center.ru/89CCE27/89CD14E/975C903.

[72] Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, “Russia: Critics Fear Draft Bill Will Cover Up Hate Crimes,” RFE/RL, March 22, 2007, http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/03/1B58F41C-0684-4B76-B4C1-814BBE36C232.html.

[73] Galina Kozhevnikova, Radical Nationalism and Efforts to Counteract it in 2007, the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, March 14, 2008, http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB4208/AC15D1E.

[74] Paul LeGendre, Minorities Under Siege: Hate Crimes and Intolerance in the Russian Federation, Human Rights First, June 26, 2006, http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/discrimination/reports/under_siege/.

[75] “Sledstvie povedut znatoki,” Novye Izvestiya, March 27, 2008, http://www.newizv.ru/news/2008-03-27/87282/.

[76] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “53 Hate Crime Suspects Arrested This Year So Far, Interior Ministry Says,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 8, no. 24, June 13, 2008, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/061308BM.shtml, citing the Moscow Times.

[77] Saint Petersburg Prosecutor’s Office, “SU soobschaet: po ugolovnym delam, vyzvavshim bol’shoj obshestvennyj rezonans, zaderzhana gruppa molodyh lyudej,” Press Release, December 17, 2007, http://www.prokuratura.sp.ru/print.html?/news/2007/12/17/6.

[78] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Hate Crime Charges Dropped Against Attackers of Jewish School,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 8, no. 22, May 30, 2008, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/053008BM.shtml.

[79] Galina Kozhevnikova, Radical Nationalism and Efforts to Counteract it in 2007, the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, March 14, 2008, http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB4208/AC15D1E.

[80] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Ultranationalists Storm Mormon Headquarters,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 7, no. 6, February 9, 2007, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/020907BM.shtml.

[81] Galina Kozhevnikova, Radical Nationalism and Efforts to Counteract it in 2007, the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, March 14, 2008, http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB4208/AC15D1E.

[82] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Neo-Nazi Gang Charged With 32 Attacks on Members of Ethnic Minorities,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 8, no. 21, May 23, 2008, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/052308BM.shtml, citing Itar-Tass.

[83] “Rassledovanie del ob ubijstve pravozaschitnika Nikolaya Girenko i studenta iz Senegala Lampsara Samby zaversheno,” Echo Moskvy v Sankt-Peterburge, February 22, 2008, http://www.echomsk.spb.ru/content/store/default.asp?shmode=2&ids=438&ida=66657&idt=news.

[84] “Two train bombers go to jail,” Russia Today, April 10, 2007, http://russiatoday.ru/news/news/4268.

[85] “Verdict prisyazhnyh po delu Timura Kacharavy—‘Vinovny’,” the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, July 31, 2008, http://www.xeno.sova-center.ru/45A2A1E/997FB94; and “All seven convicted in racial murder trial,” Russia Today, July 31, 2007, http://russiatoday.ru/news/news/11701.

[86] Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, “Neo-Nazi Killers Get Prison Terms, Some Longer, Others Shorter,” the Bigotry Monitor, vol. 7, no. 23, June 22, 2007, http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/062207BM.shtml.

[87] “The jury return the persons suspected of explosion at Cherkizovo market in Moscow guilty,” Caucasian Knot, April 30, 2008, http://eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/newstext/engnews/id/1213859.html.

[88] “May 2008: Monthly Results,” the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, June 1, 2008, http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB41EE/B2A6CB2.

[89] “Russian Blogger Recieves One Year of Suspended Sentence for a Comment,” the SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, June 7, 2008, http://xeno.sova-center.ru/6BA2468/6BB41EE/B59DA83.

[90] “Russian Art Curators Face Another Law-suit,” the Andrei Sakharov Museum and Community Center for ‘Peace, Progress, and Human Rights,’ June 17, 2008, http://www.sakharov-center.ru/news/2007/forbidden-pollice/1505posttextenglish.php.

[91] “Ombudsmen prizyvaet pravozaschitnikov stat’ vospitatelyami terpimosti,” RIA Novosti, May 30, 2008, http://www.rian.ru/society/20080530/108908537.html.

[92] Vladimir Lukin, Annual Report of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation for the Year 2007, the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation, Moscow: 2008, http://ombudsman.gov.ru/doc/ezdoc/07text_eng.doc, p. 55.

[93] “Russian Ombudsman Condemns Hate Crimes,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, April 3, 2006, http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/04/EF4518E3-9E3D-4724-87BE-186C36FAEE51.html.

[94] Vladimir Lukin, Annual Report of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation for the Year 2006, the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation, Moscow: 2007, http://ombudsman.gov.ru/doc/ezdoc/06text_eng.doc, pp. 73-82.

[95] The Civil Society Institutions and Human Rights Council under the President of the Russian Federation, O rabote Soveta (Komissii) pri Prezidente RF po sodeistviyu razvitiyu institutov grazhdanskogo obshestva i pravam cheloveka za 2002—2008 g., http://sovetpamfilova.ru//12131.php.