[1] U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Hate Crime Statistics, 2006, Fall 2007, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2006/jurisdiction.html.

[2] California Department of Justice, the California Justice Information Services, Bureau of Criminal Information and Analysis, Hate Crime in California, 2007, July 2008, http://ag.ca.gov/cjsc/publications/hatecrimes/hc07/preface07.pdf.

[3] U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Hate Crime Statistics, 2006, Fall 2007, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2006/table1.html.

[4] U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Hate Crime Statistics, 2006, Fall 2007, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2006/table4.html.

[5] The Southern Poverty Law Center, For the Record, media reports from August 23, 2007, http://www.splcenter.org/intel/hatewatch/fortherecord.jsp.

[6] “Four Charged With Hate Crimes In Beating; Racial Slurs Shouted During Beating, Police Say,” WCVB Boston, June 14, 2008, http://www.thebostonchannel.com/news/16607766/detail.html.

[7] John Ferak and Christopher Burbach, “Drive-through killing: Alleged racist motive stuns suspect’s dad,” Omaha World-Herald, February 1, 2008, http://www.omaha.com/index.php?u_page=2798&u_sid=10247258.

[8] “White youths suspected in attack on black man,” KVAL CBS 13, June 10, 2008, http://www.kval.com/news/19719234.html.

[9] “2 men charged with hate crime,” the Seattle Times, April 1, 2008, http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2004318862_dige01m.html.

[10] 4,743 lynchings were documented between 1882 and 1968, with most of the victims black men. See Leslie Fulbright, “Resurgence of Nooses Reminds African Americans of Past Horrors,” the San Francisco Chronicle, October 29, 2007, http://www.commondreams.org/archive/2007/10/29/4883/.

[11] Ashley Fantz, “Nooses found hanging around the nation, some with hateful notes attached,” CNN.com, 1 November 2007, http://edition.cnn.com/2007/US/11/01/nooses/index.html.

[12] Cases profiled by the Southern Poverty Law Center’s For the Record online database, http://www.splcenter.org/intel/hatewatch/fortherecord.jsp.

[13] U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Decidely Uncivil,” Press Release, April 30, 2007, http://www.fbi.gov/page2/april07/crossburn043007.htm.

[14] The Southern Poverty Law Center, For the Record, media reports from August 22, 2007, http://www.splcenter.org/intel/hatewatch/fortherecord.jsp.

[15] Paula Woodward, “Two Deputies make hate-crime arrest,” 9News.com, December 19, 2007, http://www.9news.com/news/article.aspx?storyid=83006.

[16] The North Carolina Human Relations Commission said this was the first reported cross burning in the state since 2006. Ibid.

[17] “Prosecutors To Charge Arlington Woman, 66, With Hate Crime,” KXAS, January 3, 3008, http://www.nbc5i.com/news/14967011/detail.html.

[18] The Southern Poverty Law Center, For the Record, media reports from August 20, 2007, http://www.splcenter.org/intel/hatewatch/fortherecord.jsp.

[19] Roberto Lovato, “The Media is the (Anti-Immigrant) Message: Sen. Menendez Calls for Study of Link Between Media and Hate Crimes,” Of América, December 13, 2007, http://ofamerica.wordpress.com/2007/12/13/the-media-is-the-anti-immigrant-message-sen-menedez-calls-for-study-of-link-between-media-and-hate-crimes.

[20] U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Hate Crime Statistics, 2006, Fall 2007, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/03hc.pdf.

[21] David Holthouse and Mark Potok, The Year in Hate: Active U.S. Hate Groups Rise to 888 in 2007, the Southern Poverty Law Center, Spring 2008, http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=886; and Brentin Mock, “Immigration Backlash: Violence Engulfs Latinos,” the Southern Poverty Law Center, Intelligence Project, October 2007, http://www.splcenter.org/intel/news/item.jsp?site_area=1&aid=292.

[22] National Public Radio, “Latino Hate Crimes on the Rise,” All Things Considered, December 23, 2007, http://www.npr.org/templates/player/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=17563862&m=17563847.

[23] David Holthouse and Mark Potok, The Year in Hate: Active U.S. Hate Groups Rise to 888 in 2007, the Southern Poverty Law Center, Spring 2008, http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=886.

[24] U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Hate Crime Statistics, 2006, Fall 2007, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2006/table4.html.

[25] Los Angeles County Commission on Human Relations, 2007 Hate Crime Report, http://humanrelations.co.la.ca.us/hatecrime/data/2007%20Hate%20Crime%20Report.pdf, p. 16.

[26] U.S. Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services, “New Rule for Nonimmigrant Victims of Criminal Activity Goes into Effect Tomorrow,” Press Release, October 16, 2007, http://www.uscis.gov/files/pressrelease/UvisaReminder16Oct07.pdf.

[27] Associated Press, “Police: Killing of Mexican man a hate crime,” KOB.com, October 14, 2007, http://kob.com/article/stories/S225856.shtml?cat=517.

[28] Keith Rushing, “Luis Ramirez’s death Was Caused By Racism,” Advancement Project, July 29, 2008, http://www.justdemocracyblog.org/?p=718.

[29] Brentin Mock, “Immigration Backlash: Violence Engulfs Latinos,” the Southern Poverty Law Center, Intelligence Project, October 2007, http://www.splcenter.org/intel/news/item.jsp?site_area=1&aid=292.

[30] Katie Fairbank and Michael J. Mooney, “Teen’s suicide puzzles friends,” the Dallas Morning News, July 8, 2007, http://www.khou.com/news/local/stories/khou070708_tnt_ritchesonsuicide.55ce8813.html.

[31] Amy Jackson, “New Numbers: Hate Crimes Against Latinos Have Jumped in San Diego,” KPBS News, November 21, 2007, http://www.kpbs.org/news/local;id=10274, (accessed June 4, 2008).

[32] Marina Police Department, “Suspect in Assault of Laborer Arrested,” Press Release, August 13, 2007, http://74.125.45.104/search?q=cache:laxL-UNzjxAJ:www.marinapolice.com/press/files/PressReleases%255C8-2007%2520(August)/August%252013,%25202007%2520-%2520Arrest%2520of%2520Day%2520Laborer%2520Assault%2520Suspect.pdf+suspect+in+assault+of+laborer+arrested+marina+police&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1 (accessed August 19, 2008).

[33] Scott Michels, “Hate Crimes Tied to Immigration Debate? Civil Rights Group Says Anti-Immigrant Rhetoric Driving Increase in Hate Crimes,” ABC News, March 10, 2008, http://www.abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/story?id=4421921&page=1.

[34] Brentin Mock, “Immigration Backlash: Violence Engulfs Latinos,” the Southern Poverty Law Center, Intelligence Project, October 2007, http://www.splcenter.org/intel/news/item.jsp?site_area=1&aid=292.

[35] Brentin Mock, “Immigration Backlash: Violence Engulfs Latinos,” the Southern Poverty Law Center, Intelligence Project, October 2007, http://www.splcenter.org/intel/news/item.jsp?site_area=1&aid=292.

[36] Lisa Foderaro, “S.I. Rampage Raises Issue of Bias Crime,” the New York Times, August 18, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/19/nyregion/19staten.html?_r=1&ref=nyregion&oref=slogin.

[37] David Holthouse and Mark Potok, The Year in Hate: Active U.S. Hate Groups Rise to 888 in 2007, the Southern Poverty Law Center, Spring 2008, http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=886.

[38] The Anti-Defamation League, Immigrants Targeted: Extremist Rhetoric Moves into the Mainstream, 2007, http://www.adl.org/civil_rights/anti_immigrant/.

[39] U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Hate Crime Statistics, 2006, Fall 2007, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2006.

[40] U.S. Census Bureau, “Race Data: Racial and Ethnic Classification Used in Census 2000 and Beyond,” http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/race/racefactcb.html

[41] Los Angeles County District Attorney’s Office, “Bakersfield Man Charged with Alleged Hate Crime Stabbing in San Dimas,” Press Release, May 13, 2008, http://da.co.la.ca.us/mr/051308a.htm.

[42] “New Mexico Family Become Victims of Bias Crime,” News Blaze, June 6, 2008, http://newsblaze.com/story/20080606100807tsop.nb/topstory.html.

[43] The Southern Poverty Law Center, For the Record, media reports from January 15, 2007, http://www.splcenter.org/intel/hatewatch/fortherecord.jsp.

[44] Christine Clarridge, “Kent man sentenced in hate-crime beating of Sikh cabdriver,” the Seattle Times, April 19, 2008, http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2004359693_hatecrime19m.html.

[45] U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Hate Crime Statistics, 2006, Fall 2007, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2006.

[46] The Anti-Defamation League, “Anti-Semitic Incidents Decline For Third Straight Year In U.S., According To Annual ADL Audit,” Press Release, March 19, 2008, http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASUS_12/5246_12.htm.

[47] Associate Press, “Two-year sentence for accosting Elie Wiesel,” the San Francisco Chronicle, August 18, 2008, http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/08/18/state/n171001D50.DTL.

[48] “Police: Pellet Gun Fired At Rabbinical Students In Fairfax District,” KNBC, August 24, 2007, http://www.knbc.com/news/13970367/detail.html.

[49] Chris Newmarker, “Beating of Rabbi Puts N.J. City on Edge,” ABC News, October 11, 2007, http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=3720085.

[50] Kareem Fahim, “As Orthodox Population Grows, So Do Tensions,” the New York Times, December 10, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/10/nyregion/10lakewood.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print&oref=slogin.

[51] Associated Press and Haaretz Service, “ADL commends N.Y. police for arrests in anti-Semitic subway attack,” Haaretz, December 12, 2007, http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/933597.html.

[52] The Anti-Defamation League, “Anti-Semitic Incidents Decline For Third Straight Year In U.S., According To Annual ADL Audit,” Press Release, March 19, 2008, http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASUS_12/5246_12.htm.

[53] The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism, “Swastika Painted On Jewish Temple in San Francisco,” April 4, 2007, http://www.antisemitism.org.il/eng/events/21672/USA_-_Swastika_Painted_On_Jewish_Temple_in_San_Francisco.

[54] The Anti-Defamation League, “Florida: Anti-Semitic Incidents Decline in 2007,” Press Release, March 5, 2007, http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASUS_12/5243_12.htm.

[55] The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism, “Jewish cemetery struck by vandals,” May 13, 2007, http://www.antisemitism.org.il/eng/events/22266/USA_-_Jewish_cemetery_struck_by_vandals.

[56] The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism, “Desecration of cemetery in Massachusetts,” September 5, 2007, http://www.antisemitism.org.il/eng/events/24158/USA-desecration_of_cemetery_in_Massachusetts.

[57] The Anti-Defamation League, “Anti-Semitic Incidents Decline For Third Straight Year In U.S., According To Annual ADL Audit,” Press Release, March 19, 2008, http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASUS_12/5246_12.htm.

[58] The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism, “Synagogue burgled and damaged in Oregon,” April 22, 2007, http://www.antisemitism.org.il/eng/events/22146/USA-_synagogue_burgled_and_damaged_in_Oregon.

[59] The Anti-Defamation League, “Anti-Semitic Incidents Decline For Third Straight Year In U.S., According To Annual ADL Audit,” Press Release, March 19, 2008, http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASUS_12/5246_12.htm.

[60] The Anti-Defamation League, “Anti-Semitic graffiti scrawled on Temple B’Nai Israel in Victoria,” June 16, 2007, http://www.antisemitism.org.il/eng/events/22820/USA_%E2%80%93_Synagogue_targeted_with_anti-Semitic_graffiti.

[61] The Anti-Defamation League, “Anti-Semitic Incidents Decline For Third Straight Year In U.S., According To Annual ADL Audit,” Press Release, March 19, 2008, http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASUS_12/5246_12.htm.

[62] “Police Investigate Several Incidents of Racist Graffiti,” NBC-WRC, January 8, 2007, http://www.nbc4.com/news/10697137/detail.html.

[63] The Anti-Defamation League, “Anti-Semitic Incidents Decrease in New England; in Massachusetts Remain Constant,” Press Release, March 5, 2007, http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASUS_12/5242_12.htm.

[64] The Associated Press, “Police Ramp Up Hate Graffiti Investigation,” WCCO-TV, December 15, 2007, http://wcco.com/crime/st.cloud.state.2.610973.html

[65] American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, Report on Hate Crimes and Discrimination Against Arab Americans: 2003-2007, ADC-RI, Washington, DC: 2008.

[66] American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, Report on Hate Crimes and Discrimination Against Arab Americans: 2003-2007, ADC-RI, Washington, DC: 2008, p. 11.

[67] Council on American-Islamic Relations, “CAIR Welcomes Arrest in Shooting of Ohio Muslim,” Press Release, July 7, 2008, http://www.cair.com/ArticleDetails.aspx?mid1=777&&ArticleID=25107&&name=n&&currPage=2.

[68] “Man charged in shooting at Cleveland gas station,” the Plan Dealer, July 7, 2008, http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2008/07/man_charged_in_shooting_death_1.html.

[69] “FBI Investigating Bakersfield Mosque Attack as Hate Crime,” the Mercury News, October 10, 2007, http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_7142190?nclick_check=1.

[70] Henry Lee and Marisa Lagos, “Muslim leaders call Antioch mosque fire ‘act of terror,’” San Francisco Chronicle, August 13, 2007, http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/08/13/BAGKRRHRLH9.DTL.

[71] Abbie Vansickle, “Mosque burns; arson suspected,” the St. Petersburg Times, April 13, 2007, http://www.sptimes.com/2007/04/13/Hillsborough/Mosque_burns_arson_su.shtml.

[72] The Southern Poverty Law Center, “Anti-Islamic Terrorism: ‘Aryans’ Accused of Mosque Firebombing,” Intelligence Report, Summer 2008, http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=919.

[73] Council on American-Islamic Relations, “CAIR Welcomes Arrest in Shooting of Ohio Muslim,” Press Release, July 7, 2008, http://www.cair.com/ArticleDetails.aspx?mid1=777&&ArticleID=25107&&name=n&&currPage=2.

[74] Bob Collins, “A problem grows in the north metro,” Minnesota Public Radio, March 27, 2008, http://minnesota.publicradio.org/collections/special/columns/news_cut/archive/2008/03/a_problem_grows_in_the_north_m.shtml; and Tim Hennagir, “Blaine Dairy Store is heavily damaged in Sunday night fire Wednesday,” ABC Newspapers, January 30, 2008, http://abcnewspapers.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1633.

[75] “Arson at convenience store in Blaine investigated as possible hate crime,” StarTribune, March 12, 2008, http://www.startribune.com/local/north/16629581.html.

[76] U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Hate Crime Statistics, 2006, Fall 2007, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2006/table1.html.

[77] “Arizona teens attacked for being LDS,” ABC News, May 07, 2008, http://www.abc4.com/news/local/story.aspx?content_id=f4d910fa-c065-4637-819c-2adcb90b030e.

[78] “Police: Church Targeted For Liberal Views,” NBC-WTVJ, July 28, 2008, http://www.nbc6.net/news/17011543/detail.html?rss=ami&psp=news.

[79] Michael McClintock, Everyday Fears: A Survey of Violent Hate Crimes in Europe and North America, Human Rights First, September 13, 2005, http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/discrimination/pdf/everyday-fears-080805.pdf, p. 126.

[80] Jay Reeves, “Two east Alabama men arrested in rural church arson spree,” the Anniston Star, January 8, 2008, http://www.annistonstar.com/breaking/2008/as-wireupdate-0107-0-8a07p4957.htm.

[81] “Man Pleads Guilty in String of East Alabama Church Arsons,” ABC News, June 8, 2008, http://www.abc3340.com/news/stories/0608/526690.html.

[82] “Attacks on Valley religious sites assailed,” the LA Daily News, May 03, 2008, http://www.dailynews.com/news/ci_9138570.

[83] “Haitian Church Target Of Hate Crime, Police Say,” Local10.com, October 1, 2007, http://www.local10.com/news/14241308/detail.html.

[84] Noelle Crombie, “Four arrested in vandalism spree In Southeast Portland,” the Oregonian, May 17, 2007, http://blog.oregonlive.com/breakingnews/2007/05/at_least_a_dozen_cars_one_chur.html.

[85] “Satanic vandals desecrate church in Lancaster County, PA,” Truth Matters Inc., January 31, 2008, http://truthmattersinc.blogspot.com/2008/01/satanic-vandals-desecrate-church-in.html.

[86] “Teens Charged in Ransacking of Lancaster County Church,” ABC News, January 31, 2008, http://www.whtm.com/news/stories/0108/492203.html.

[87] Martin Weil, “Racial Slur Defaces African American Church,” the Washington Post, August 19, 2008, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/18/AR2008081802761.html.

[88] Christine Young, “Saint Joseph the Worker damaged twice by arson,” the Intermountain Catholic, June 6, 2008, http://www.icatholic.org/indstory/2008/200823p11.html.

[89] U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Hate Crime Statistics, 2006, Fall 2007, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2006/.

[90] Andre Coleman and Kevin Uhrich, “Hate by the numbers: Black/brown tensions likely to rise as hate crimes climb across the board,” the Pasadena Weekly, August 7, 2008, http://www.pasadenaweekly.com/cms/story/detail/hate_by_the_numbers/6246/.

[91] Los Angeles County Commission on Human Relations, 2007 Hate Crime Report, http://humanrelations.co.la.ca.us/hatecrime/data/2007%20Hate%20Crime%20Report.pdf, p. 5.

[92] California Department of Justice, the California Justice Information Services, Bureau of Criminal Information and Analysis, Hate Crime in California, 2007, July 2008, http://ag.ca.gov/cjsc/publications/hatecrimes/hc07/preface07.pdf.

[93] The National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs, Anti-Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Violence in 2007, NCAVP, New York: 2008, http://www.ncavp.org/common/document_files/Reports/2007HVReportFINAL.pdf.

[94] While not purporting to provide comprehensive or country-wide coverage, the NCAVP draws upon monitors in major cities including San Francisco, Chicago, Columbus, Ohio, Houston, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, and New York, and the states of Colorado, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and Vermont. The National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs, Anti-Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Violence in 2007, NCAVP, New York: 2008, http://www.ncavp.org/common/document_files/Reports/2007HVReportFINAL.pdf.

[95] Ellyn Ong Vea, “Cicero man charged in vicious sex assault, hate crime,” Chicago Suburban News, December 27, 2007, http://www.mysuburbanlife.com/cicero/homepage/x1059345049.

[96] Viki Nantz, “In Florida, hate crimes against gays and lesbians are among the most violent,” RyanSkipperDocumentary.com, 2008, http://www.ryanskipperdocumentary.com/.

[97] Peter Cassels, “Killing Shocks Florida Gay Activists,” EDGE Boston, April 4, 2007, http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=news&sc=glbt&sc2=news&sc3=&id=19337.

[98] Norman Sinclair, “Police seek man in hate crime death,” the Detroit News, February 24, 2007, http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070224/METRO/702240351/1003.

[99] The National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs, Anti-Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Violence in 2007, NCAVP, New York: 2008, http://www.ncavp.org/common/document_files/Reports/2007HVReportFINAL.pdf.

[100] Paige Hewitt, “Murder suspect says he was doing God’s work / Cypress man is being held in the June death of flight attendant,” the Houston Chronicle, July 15, 2007, http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2007_4384722 (accessed August 16, 2008).

[101] Michael Brick, “Three Sentenced in Death of Gay Man,” the New York Times, November 21, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/21/nyregion/21plumb.html.

[102] Kathleen Wilson, McInerney pleads not guilty, lawyer calls charges “death sentence,’” the Ventura County Star, August 8, 2008, http://www.venturacountystar.com/news/2008/aug/08/mcinerney-pleads-not-guilty/.

[103] The Associated Press, “Weld DA treats slaying as hate crime,” the Denver Post, July 31, 2008, http://www.denverpost.com/breakingnews/ci_10061302.

[104] The Associated Press, “Four Men Plead Guilty in an Antigay Attack,” the New York Times, March 22, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/22/nyregion/22beating.html.

[105] The Southern Poverty Law Center, For the Record, media reports from November 12, 2007, http://www.splcenter.org/intel/hatewatch/fortherecord.jsp.

[106] Stacey Morgan, “Decatur Man Guilty of Hate Crime,” WCIA 3 News, August 6, 2008, http://illinoishomepage.net/content/fulltext/?cid=24531.

[107] The Southern Poverty Law Center, For the Record, media reports from April 4, 2008, http://www.splcenter.org/intel/hatewatch/fortherecord.jsp.

[108] Chris Christoff, “Hate law expansion sought to make prosecutions easier,” the Detroit Free Press, July 24, 2008, http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080724/NEWS06/807240370/1008/news06.

[109] Alex Shebar, “Bill adds disability to hate crime law,” the Cincinnati Enquirer, June 28, 2008, http://news.cincinnati.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080628/NEWS0108/806280355.

[110] Caroline Wolf Harlow, Hate Crimes Reported by Victims and Police, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, November 2005, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/hcrvp.htm, table 2.

[111] The National Center for Victims of Crime, “Breaking the Silence on Crime Victims with Disabilities,” Press Release, May 21, 2007, http://www.ncvc.org/ncvc/main.aspx?dbName=DocumentViewer&DocumentID=42930.

[112] The Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, Cause for Concern: Hate Crimes in America, 2004, http://www.civilrights.org/publications/reports/cause_for_concern_2004/.

[113] Human Rights First, 2007 Hate Crime Survey, September 2007, /wp-content/uploads/pdf/07601-discrim-hate-crimes-web.pdf, p. 51.

[114] The National Disability Rights Network, “Letter to Senators,” July 30, 2007, http://www.civilrights.org/assets/pdfs/ndrn-senate-hate-crimes-letter-final.pdf (accessed August 25, 2008).

[115] Laura Parker, “A jury’s stand against racism reflects hope,” USA Today, April 26, 2007, http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-04-26-texas-town_N.htm.

[116] The Southern Poverty Law Center, “Center Wins Justice for Billy Ray Johnson,” Press Release, April 20, 2007, http://www.splcenter.org/news/item.jsp?aid=250.

[117] Bob Driehous, “Two Teenagers Are Accused of Torturing Ohio Woman,” the New York Times, February 27, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/27/us/27torture.html?fta=y&pagewanted=print.

[118] The 1968 “Federal Hate Crime Statute,” 18 USC 245, outlines the six federally protected activities as follows: “ (1) A student at or applicant for admission to a public school or public college; (2) A participant in a benefit, service, privilege, program, facility or activity provided or administered by a state or local government; (3) An applicant for private or state employment; a private or state employee; a member or applicant for membership in a labor organization or hiring hall; or an applicant for employment through an employment agency, labor organization or hiring hall; (4) A juror or prospective juror in state court; (5) A traveler or user of a facility of interstate commerce or common carrier; (6) A patron of a public accommodation or place of exhibition or entertainment, including hotels, motels, restaurants, lunchrooms, bars, gas stations, theaters, concert halls, sports arenas or stadiums.”

[119] Michael McClintock, Everyday Fears: A Survey of Violent Hate Crimes in Europe and North America, Human Rights First, September 13, 2005, http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/discrimination/pdf/everyday-fears-080805.pdf, p. 126.

[120] Winnie Stachelberg and Josh Rosenthal, “Taking on Hate Crimes,” the Center for American Progress, December 3, 2007, http://www.civilrights.org/press_room/buzz_clips/civilrightsorg-stories/op-ed-taking-on-hate-crimes.html.

[121] The Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, “Vote ‘Yes’ to Instruct DoD Conferees to Support the Local Law Enforcement Enhancement Act,” Advocacy Letter, September 28, 2004, http://www.civilrights.org/library/advocacy-letters/dod-authorization-bill-h-r-4200lleea-s-966.html.

[122] The National Coalition for the Homeless and the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, Hate, Violence, And Death On Main Street USA: A Report on Hate Crimes and Violence Against People Experiencing Homelessness 2007, April 2008, http://www.nationalhomeless.org/getinvolved/projects/hatecrimes/index.html, p. 41.

[123] For a complete list, see Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, “LLEHCPA Supporter List,” http://www.civilrights.org/issues/hate/llehcpa-supporter.html (accessed August 11, 2008). See also, House of Representatives, Local Law Enforcement Hate Crime Protection Act of 2007, Report together with Dissenting Views [To accompany H.R. 1592], April 30, 2007, http://www.civilrights.org/assets/pdfs/House-Judiciary-Comittee-Report-on-LLEHCPA.pdf.

[124] The National Sheriffs’ Association describes itself as “the voice of 3,087 elected sheriffs across the country and the largest association of law enforcement professionals in the United States.” See Sheriff Ted Kamatchus [the Association’s President], letter to members of Congress, in support of the Bill, http://www.civilrights.org/assets/pdfs/sheriffs-letter.pdf.

[125] A veto threat was issued by President Bush on May 3, 2007, in the form of a Statement of Administration Policy, stating that the Hate Crimes Bill raised “constitutional concerns.” A statement contradicting this assertion was prepared by a coalition of legal scholars and submitted to the Senate for consideration. “Letter from legal scholars contradicts White House on Hate Crimes Bill,” July 31, 2007, Hate Crimes Bill, S. 1105 and H.R. 1592, http://www.hatecrimesbill.org/2007/07/.

[126] 28 U.S.C. 534.

[127] The FBI’s collection of data on the disability bias crimes began on January 1, 1997. Human Rights First, 2007 Hate Crime Report Card: the United States, September 2007, http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/discrimination/hate-crime/country/count_u.asp.

[128] Chris Johnson, “Campus and FBI hate crime reporting to be uniform,” Human Rights Campaign, August 1, 2008, http://www.hrcbackstory.org/2008/08/campus-and-fbi.html.

[129] The information about 8 cities over 250,000 not participating in the HCSA comes from comparing two charts from the FBI – the total number of Group 1 cities (over 250,000) from Crime in the United States-72-and the total number of Group 1 cities in the 2006 annual hate crime report-64. See U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Hate Crime Statistics, 2006, Fall 2007, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2006/; and U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Hate Crime Statistics, 2005, Fall 2006, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2005/.

[130] U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Hate Crime Statistics, 2006, Fall 2007, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2006/; and U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Hate Crime Statistics, 2005, Fall 2006, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2005/.

[131] U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Hate Crime Statistics, 2006, Fall 2007, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2006/; and U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Hate Crime Statistics, 2005, Fall 2006, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2005/.

[132] U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Crime and Victims Statistics,” http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict.htm.

[133] U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, “The Nation’s two crime measures,” http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/html/ntcm.htm.

[134] Michael Rand and Shannan Catalano, “Criminal Victimization, 2006,” Bulletin, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, December 2007, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cv06.pdf.